生态系统服务是人类直接或间接从生态系统得到的利益，因此生态系统服务和人类福祉关系十分密切。减少贫困作为联合国17个可持续发展新目标（SDGs）之一，受到社会和学界的广泛关注。目前国际上开展了对生态系统服务和减贫关系的一系列研究，但对于贫困的认知大部分仍停留在收入水平层面，研究大多采用经济学视角，运用经济模型探讨生态系统服务和贫困群体生计的联系，缺乏对局地尺度上贫困群体主观精神层面的探索。如今，中国历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，但由于贫困标准不断变化，社会的发展进步也让贫困的度量向收入以外的层面拓展，如精神层面的追求和社会生活方面的改善需求，因此注定了中国相对贫困问题将长期存在。此外，习近平同志提出“要把青藏高原打造成为全国乃至国际生态文明高地”，作为深度贫困县集中区域，青藏高原地区生态系统服务和减贫研究迫在眉睫。在此背景下，本研究根据青藏高原实际情况，基于地理学、生态经济学和管理学视角，分析了青藏高原东部边缘地区，即川西北高原藏区生态系统服务和减贫的高效发展的典型模式，用系统化、定量化的能值分析方法，建立区域生态减贫评价指标体系，综合评估、比较了现存产业减贫模式达到的不同效果。主要研究结果如下：

（1）贫困农牧户从个体小农、放牧生活状态下转变为不同产业减贫模式中，改变了传统方式和资源利用效率，产业的规模和集聚效益显著。生态系统供给服务、调节服务、支持服务、文化服务均有不同程度的增加。

（2）贫困农牧户进入不同模式产业就业后，贫困户生活水平、健康、教育和精神层面福祉都有一定程度的提高。不仅生存环境有良好改善，收入、住房更加稳定，营养状况趋于丰富、平衡，教育程度也有较大水平的提升；此外，贫困户增加了与外界沟通交流信息的机会，人际交往更丰富和谐，精神状况更能够得到满足。

（3）选取的案例一“食用菌产业园区”和案例二“牦牛产业园区”的能值指标比较结果表明：环境负载率（ELR）分别增加了4.4%和下降了15%；可持续发展指标（ESI）分别从进园前的3.55和2.70上升到了进园后的4.03和4.76，均呈现可持续发展状态，且与个体经营状态相比，产业园区的ESI更接近长期可持续发展状态，因此产业园区的可持续发展水平要高于贫困户个体经营，畜牧产业与农业相比其可持续性更长期一些。案例一与案例二的生态减贫指数分别为8.80和4.59，说明食用菌产业园区单位生态系统服务提供的减贫能力要高于牦牛产业，生态减贫能力更强。

通过对贫困农牧户不同就业状态生存系统的综合效益进行分析表明，产业集聚效应让能值利用率更高，生产效率更稳定，也有技术支撑进行科学合理地生产，对生态环境资源的保护力度更大。区域产业减贫发展模式对于生态系统服务和减贫具有一定程度的协同作用。在开发和利用当地特色自然资源时，能够基于可持续发展的科学观念，在保护生态环境的基础上进行有效减贫，一定程度上实现了“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念。

为了维护产业减贫模式的现有成效，促进产业减贫的可持续发展，在今后的产业发展中，还应加大生态环境建设的力度，保持生态系统服务的可持续性，在此基础上不断建设加工能力，提高技术研发水平，开拓国内及国外市场，有效防止返贫，实现共同富裕。此外，应长期关注、追踪相对贫困群体的生活状态，加强对他们的培训和教育力度，更新其知识技术水平，输入先进的思想理念，增强其保护自然资源的意识，提高开发利用当地特色资源的能力，提升贫困人口的综合素质。

Ecosystem services are the benefits that human beings get directly or indirectly from ecosystem. Therefore, ecosystem services are closely related to human well-being. Poverty reduction, as one of the 17 new sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, has attracted extensive attention from the social and academic circles. At present, a series of studies on the relationship between ecosystem services and poverty reduction have been carried out internationally, but most of the cognition of poverty still stays at the level of income level. Most of the studies use economic perspective and economic model to explore the relationship between ecosystem services and the livelihood of poor groups, and there is a lack of exploration on the subjective spiritual level of poor groups on a local scale. Today, China has historically solved the problem of absolute poverty, but because poverty is an objective phenomenon and poverty standards are constantly changing, the problem of relative poverty will exist for a long time. In this context, according to the actual situation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and from the perspectives of geography, ecological economics and management, this study analyzes the typical model of efficient development of ecosystem services and poverty reduction in the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, that is, the Tibetan Plateau of the Northwest Sichuan, and establishes a regional ecological poverty reduction evaluation index system with systematic and quantitative emergy analysis method. Comprehensively evaluate and compare the different effects of the existing industrial poverty reduction models. The main results are as follows:

(1) Poor farmers and herdsmen have changed their living conditions from individual small farmers and grazing to poverty reduction models of different industries, which has changed the traditional way and resource utilization efficiency, and the scale and agglomeration benefits of industries are remarkable. Ecosystem supply services, regulation services, support services and cultural services have increased to varying degrees.

(2) After poor farmers and herdsmen enter different scale industries for employment, their living standards, health, education and spiritual levels have been improved to a certain extent. Not only has the living environment improved, income and housing become more stable, nutritional status tends to be rich and balanced, and the level of education has also been greatly improved. In addition, the mental status of poor households is more satisfied, interpersonal communication is more rich and harmonious, which increases the opportunities to communicate and exchange information with the outside world, but also has human, material and financial resources to contribute to their religious beliefs, enhance national pride and enhance national self-confidence.

(3) The comparison results of emergy indicators of the selected case I "Edible Fungus Industrial Park" and case II "Yak Industrial Park" show that the environmental load rate (ELR) has increased by 4.4% and decreased by 15% respectively, and the sustainable development index (ESI) has increased from 3.55 and 2.70 before entering the park to 4.03 and 4.76 after entering the park, both showing a state of sustainable development, and compared with the state of individual operation, The ESI of the industrial park is closer to the state of long-term sustainable development, so the sustainable development level of the industrial park is higher than that of self-employed poor households, and the sustainability of animal husbandry industry is longer than that of agriculture. The ecological poverty reduction indexes of case 1 and case 2 are 8.80 and 4.59 respectively, indicating that the poverty reduction ability of unit ecosystem services provided by edible fungus Industrial Park is higher than that of yak industry, and the ecological poverty reduction ability is stronger.

Through the analysis of the comprehensive benefits of the survival system of poor farmers and herdsmen in different employment states, it shows that the industrial agglomeration effect has higher utilization rate of emergy, more stable production efficiency, technical support for scientific and reasonable production, and greater protection of ecological environment resources. The development model of regional industrial poverty reduction has a certain degree of synergy for ecosystem services and poverty reduction. When developing and utilizing local characteristic natural resources, it can effectively reduce poverty based on the scientific concept of sustainable development and the protection of ecological environment, and realize the concept of "green water and green mountains are golden mountains and silver mountains" to a certain extent.

In order to maintain the existing effectiveness of the industrial poverty reduction model and promote the sustainable development of industrial poverty reduction, in the future industrial development, we should also strengthen the construction of ecological environment and maintain the sustainability of ecosystem services. On this basis, we should continue to build processing capacity, improve the level of technological research and development, explore domestic and foreign markets, effectively prevent poverty return and realize common prosperity. In addition, we should pay long-term attention to and track the living conditions of relatively poor groups, strengthen their training and education, update their knowledge and technology level, input advanced ideas, enhance their awareness of protecting natural resources, improve their ability to develop and utilize local characteristic resources, and improve the comprehensive quality of the poor population.