随着祖辈抚养儿童比例的增高，探讨隔代抚养对儿童心理发展的影响成为当前家庭教育研究的重要课题。虽然已有研究对祖辈教养方式与儿童心理健康的关系进行了初步考察，但仍有较多基础问题尚未涉及或得到验证。首先，以往研究多是针对农村留守儿童等特殊隔代抚养群体进行的考察，其中可能受到众多家庭不利因素的混淆，针对这类人群的研究发现是否能够推广到城市社会背景下主流的隔代抚养家庭尚未明确。其次，目前还没有研究聚焦于“隔代抚养中抚养人情绪教养对儿童情绪幸福感影响机制”这一关键问题进行考察。再次，以往在检验情绪教养对儿童情绪作用机制时未充分考虑到抚养人情绪教养和儿童情绪调节的情境差异性，如抚养人在不同情境下可能表现出不同的情绪教养。最后，以往研究多仅从家庭教养环境因素出发对隔代抚养儿童进行研究，忽视了儿童自身生物易感性在其中可能的调节作用。综上，本研究将结合问卷测查、亲子/祖孙互动观察和生理指标采集等研究手段，基于儿童情绪社会化理论和角色差异性理论，对比性考察亲代抚养人和隔代抚养人情绪教养对儿童情绪幸福感的一般作用机制、情境差异性、教养环境与生理特征的交互作用。

为考察亲代和隔代抚养人情绪教养对儿童情绪幸福感的一般作用机制，研究一招募北京市2-5年级学龄儿童的家庭，最终筛选出202个隔代抚养家庭的“祖母-儿童”和228个亲代抚养家庭的“母亲-儿童”参与问卷测查。亲代抚养和隔代抚养家庭的差异检验结果表明，母亲非支持性情绪教养显著高于祖母，母亲支持性情绪教养未显著高于祖母，亲代抚养儿童积极情绪高于隔代抚养儿童，其它情绪指标差异不显著。对亲代和隔代抚养人情绪教养、儿童情绪调节和儿童情绪幸福感进行中介效应分析，结果显示：母亲和祖母情绪教养都能通过儿童情绪调节间接预测儿童情绪幸福感；此外，母亲和祖母支持性情绪教养可直接预测儿童积极情绪，非支持性情绪教养可直接预测儿童消极情绪。对亲代和隔代抚养家庭儿童情绪社会化作用机制的对比分析发现，相比母亲，祖母非支持性情绪教养对儿童消极情绪的预测效应更强。

为考察两种典型互动情境下，亲代和隔代抚养人情绪教养对儿童情绪幸福感影响的机制及其情境差异性，研究二对92个隔代抚养家庭的“祖母-儿童”组合和121个亲代抚养家庭的“母亲-儿童”组合进行了互动实验。分别对亲子/祖孙互动中抚养人情绪教养和儿童情绪表现等进行编码和分析，差异检验结果发现，“合作”互动情境下，母亲支持性情绪教养高于祖母，“冲突”互动情境下，母亲支持和非支持性情绪教养都高于祖母，进一步支持了问卷测查结果。“合作”互动情境下，亲代抚养儿童情绪幸福感高于隔代抚养儿童，“冲突”互动情境下，隔代抚养儿童情绪幸福感反而有略高的趋势。分别针对两种互动情境进行中介效应分析，总体来看，女性抚养人情绪教养均能通过儿童情绪调节间接预测儿童在两种互动情境下的消极情绪，中介机制具有跨情境一致性。亲代和隔代抚养家庭的对比分析发现，在“合作”和“冲突”互动情境下，相比于亲代抚养儿童，隔代抚养儿童情绪调节对自身情绪幸福感的预测上都发挥了更大的作用，表现出跨情境一致性的特点；此外，仅在“合作”互动情境下，相比于祖母，母亲非支持情绪教养对儿童情绪调节具有更强影响，表现出情境差异性的特点。

为考察两种典型互动情境下，亲代和隔代抚养儿童生理特征在其情绪社会化中的调节作用，研究三对88对“祖母-儿童”和113对“母亲-儿童”进行了互动实验，并收集了亲代和隔代抚养儿童的迷走神经生理指标——呼吸性窦性心律不齐（Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, RSA）。亲代和隔代抚养儿童的差异检验结果显示，两种家庭的儿童在RSA水平上并无显著差异。有调节的中介模型分析发现，仅隔代抚养儿童RSA能缓冲祖母非支持性情绪教养对其消极情绪（“合作”互动情境下）和儿童情绪调节（“冲突”互动情境下）的作用，即相比亲代抚养组，隔代抚养儿童RSA在祖孙“合作”和“冲突”互动情境时更能发挥其对祖母非支持性情绪教养的缓冲作用。

本研究从亲代和隔代抚养视角对女性抚养人情绪教养对儿童情绪幸福感的影响机制进行了细致考察。研究结果不仅拓展了儿童情绪社会化理论在我国亲代和隔代抚养家庭中适应性，支持了“素质-压力”模型假设，也初步构建我国“母亲-祖母”抚养角色差异假说和抚养人情绪教养和儿童生理特征交互作用的理论框架，研究发现为我国亲代和隔代抚养家庭提供了有价值的家庭教育实践启示。

With the increase of the proportion of children raised by grandparents, it has become an important topic to explore the influence of grandparenting on children's development. However, most of the previous studies focused on the specific grandparenting—the study and comparison on rural left-behind children, which may be confused by many family adverse factors (such as economic poverty, single parents, imprisonment, alcohol, drug abuse and so on). What’s more, few studies have been carried out on typical intergenerational families in urban areas where grandmothers are deeply involved in upbringing, and few have focused on the mechanism for the influence of caregivers’ emotion parenting on children’s positive and negative affective state.

The theory of emotion socialization holds that emotion parenting is one of the most important influencing factors of children's emotional regulation and emotional performance. Parents respond to children's positive and negative affect, so that children can recognize, understand, master and use emotion regulation strategies to express their emotions in an adaptive or non-adaptive way. For school-age children in the critical period of emotion parenting in China, the research on the mechanism is still insufficient, and few studies have focused on the emotion parenting of grandparents. Moreover, the situational differences of the mechanism for the influence of female emotion parenting on children’s positive and negative affect is less explored. In addition, the development and performance of emotion for children are not entirely caused by social environmental effects, but may also be regulated by their own autonomic nervous activity. Researchers at home and abroad have begun to pay attention to the mechanism of the interaction between biological and social factors in the formation of children's emotional and behavioral problems.

To sum up, this study examined the influence of female emotion parenting on children’s positive and negative affect in the perspective of parenting and grandparenting with the consideration of the interaction among family socialization, environment and physiology. Moreover, based on the examining of the similarities and differences of children’s emotional performance between parenting and grandparenting families, this study tried to find out the reasons of family and physiological characteristics. This study included the following three empirical studies.

The first study aimed at the general mechanism for the influence of female emotion parenting on children’s positive and negative affect. Families with children at school-age in grade 2-5 were recruited from Beijing. The final samples consisted of 202 grandparenting families and 228 parenting families. T-test showed that the non-supportive emotion parenting of mother in parenting families was significantly higher than that of mother in parenting families, but not the supportive emotion parenting. In addition, the positive affect of children in parenting families was higher than that of children in grandparenting families, and the differences of other emotional indicators were not significant. According to the moderation effect analysis, the emotion parenting was associated with children’s positive and negative affect through the emotional regulation of children. The positive affect of children can be directly predicted by the supportive emotion parenting, while the negative affect of children can be directly predicted by non-supportive emotion parenting. The comparison of the mechanism between parenting and grandparenting families, it found that non-supportive emotion parenting of grandmothers had a stronger predictive effect on children's negative emotions than mothers in parenting families.

The second study aimed at situational differences of the mechanism for the influence of female emotion parenting on children’s positive and negative affect. Families with children at school-age in grade 2-5 were recruited from Beijing. The final samples consisted of 92 grandparenting families and 121 parenting families. T-test revealed that, in the "cooperative" interactive situation, the supportive emotion parenting of mother in parenting families was higher than that of grandmother in grandparenting families, while in the "conflict" interactive situation, the supportive and non-supportive emotion parenting of mother in parenting families was significantly higher than that of mother in grandparenting families, which was partly consistent with the results of the general questionnaire survey. Additionally, in the "cooperative" interactive situation, the emotional performance of children in parenting families was better than that of children in grandparenting families, while in the "conflict" interactive situation, the emotional performance of children in grandparenting families was slightly better, but it does not reach a significant level.

The mediating effects of two kinds of interaction situations are analyzed respectively. In general, the emotion parenting of female caregivers could predict the children's negative affect in specific situation through children’s emotion regulation, and the mediation effects had cross-environmental consistency. Comparison between parenting and grandparenting showed that, in the "cooperative" interactive situation, the non-supportive emotion parenting of mother in parenting families (vsgrandparenting families) had a greater effect on children's emotional regulation, and the emotional regulation of children in grandparenting families (vs parenting families) had a greater effect on children's negative affect. In the "conflict" interactive situation, the emotional regulation of children in grandparenting families (vs parenting families) still had a greater effect on children's negative affect. The situation difference between parenting and grandparenting families showed that, compared with the "cooperation" situation, in the "conflict " situation, grandmother's non-support emotion parenting had no less effect on children's emotional regulation than mothers’. That was, the emotion regulation of children in grandparenting families was more effective in both situations, only in the cooperative situation, mother's non-support had a stronger effect on the emotion regulation of children.

The purpose of the third study was to investigate the moderation effects of physiological characteristics in emotion socialization between two typical interactive situations. The 88 grandparenting families and 113 parenting families participated in the interactive tasks, before which we collected the baseline for RSA (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia) of children in parenting and grandparenting families. T-test showed that there was no difference of RSA. The mediation effects with moderation effects showed that only the RSA of children in grandparenting families buffered the role of grandmothers’ non-supportive emotion parenting on children’s negative emotions in cooperative situation and children's emotion regulation in conflict situation. That was, the RSA of children in grandparenting families was more able to play a buffer role on grandmothers’ non-supportive emotion parenting in cooperative and conflict situation than in parenting families.

This study focused on children's more general positive/negative affect from the perspective of parenting and grandparenting to examine the effects of female emotion parenting on children's emotional state and situation differences, involving the general mechanism, situational differences and the interaction of situation as well as physiology. The results supported the model hypothesis of emotion socialization and the interaction between environment and physiology, and expanded its applicability in different families. At the same time, the results of the study examined the similarities and differences between parenting and grandparenting families from three different perspectives, which revealed the reasons for the family mechanism and their own physiological characteristics to offer an important enlightening effect on the practice of family education in parenting and grandparenting families.