经过四十多年的改革开放，中国对外贸易发展取得了举世瞩目的成就。自 2013 年外贸总额首破 4 万亿美元以来，中国货物贸易进出口和出口稳居世界第 一（海关总署，2019）。自改革开放特别是 1992 年以来，中国加工贸易产业凭 借低廉的劳动力和土地等初级要素比较优势，切入全球价值链，迅速融入经济全 球化的浪潮中，并取得了快速发展。近些年来，中国加工贸易产业的规模一直处 于高速增长态势，在对外贸易中所占比重较大，加工贸易总额从 1981 年的 26 亿 美元，约占中国进出口总额的 6%，发展到 2019 年的 11527 亿美元，占进出口 贸易总额的 25%。特别是 20 世纪 90 年代至 2008 年国际金融危机期间，加工贸 易出口始终占据中国出口贸易的半壁江山。2009 年受金融危机影响，加工贸易 进口总额较 2008 年同比下降 14.76%，出口总额同比下降 13.15%。峰回路转， 从 2011 年开始一般贸易在出口中所占比重超过加工贸易，差距由此逐年扩大， 2019 年加工贸易较上年下降约 5%，一般贸易增长 5.5%，前者贸易额比后者低 57 个百分点以上。可以说，在我国进出口贸易发展过程中，加工贸易扮演着重 要角色，逐渐成为了中国出口贸易的主要形式，作为中国开放型经济中的重要组 成部分，它的发展是改革开放以来中国逐步成为世界贸易大国，跃居世界第一大 货物贸易国的必不可少的推动因素。但不难看出，中国加工贸易绝对数量和相对 比重双双下降的趋势已经形成，这是影响我国对外贸易发展的内外部因素综合作 用的结果。 同一历史时期，20 世纪 80 年代初我国开始探索村民自治制度的规范化以 及村级组织选举，到 1998 年《组织法》明确了村委会选举的程序，扩大了基 层民主的范围，到今天逐渐形成了完善的自治组织体系和法律法规，这一项具 有中国特色的基层政治制度，保障了亿万农民直接行使管理关系本村经济、文 化和社会事务的民主权力，探索了一条中国特色农村基层民主建设的道路，为维 护社会稳定、促进农村经济发展和推动农村基层民主治理发挥了积极的作用。 根据统计数据，在我国的贸易企业中，有一半位于我国乡村地区，那么这些 贸易企业的发展转型是否会受到以村民民主自治为制度基础的村庄民主治理水 平的影响呢？针对当前中国外贸发展转型与民主建设进程双双提速的发展现状， 本文以中国村庄民主治理与加工贸易转型为研究对象，试图探讨来自基层的微观 制度与贸易发展方式转变的国家宏观政策之间的关系。本文第一章介绍了研究背 景和研究意义，回顾了中国加工贸易转型升级以及中国村庄民主自治的相关文献
并做出总结，指出了本篇文章主要的研究方法以及主要内容，提出论文的创新和 不足之处。第二章，梳理了中国加工贸易的发展和转型升级的历程、政策演变， 加工贸易转型升级的科学内涵，并对加工贸易和一般贸易在概念上以及对产业结 构升级、经济增长等方面的影响进行对比分析，以此说明加工贸易向一般贸易转 型的必要性。第三章，综合梳理了中国村庄民主自治的发展历程，从不同阶段分 析了中国村庄民主自治的发展情况。第四章，基于前文的分析，以广东省为例通 过事实方法分析了村庄民主治理与加工贸易的联系，而后充分考虑中国村庄民主 治理的特殊性与复杂性，建立村委会、上级政府、企业、村民构成的博弈模型； 通过博弈模型分析多个主体行为决策及其相互影响，重点研究加工贸易和一般贸 易对村民和村庄产生的不同影响以及村庄的民主治理模式如何作用于本地加工 贸易企业转型。第五章，运用实证方法估计民主治理对加工贸易企业的影响。在 理论建模的基础上，通过实地调研获取我国村庄民主治理和当地加工贸易企业的 第一手资料数据，基于对资料数据的细致观察以及计量分析，检验村庄民主治理 对一般贸易和加工贸易企业的影响。兼顾整体上的规律性和研究对象的特殊性， 研究村民就业、收入、个体特征及村公共服务、基础设施等与村庄民主治理和加 工贸易企业的关系，重点剖析加工贸易和一般贸易对村民产生的不同影响以及村 庄民主治理如何作用于加工贸易企业转型，最终不仅回答国家宏观政策是否具有 落地基层的实施条件和微观制度基础这一重大问题，而且借由自上而下科学决策 与自下而上创新治理来重新审视改革开放在宏观和微观之间的生动图景。

After 40 years of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade development has achieved world-renowned achievements. Since the total foreign trade volume exceeded US $ 4 trillion for the first time in 2013, China's import and export of goods and exports have consistently ranked first in the world (General Administration of Customs, 2019). Since the reform and opening up, especially since 1992, China's processing trade industry has relied on the comparative advantages of low-cost labor and land and other primary factors to cut into global value chains, quickly integrate into the wave of economic globalization, and has achieved rapid development. However, processing trade played an important role in the development of import and export, and gradually became the main form of China's export trade. The total import and export volume of processing trade increased from US $ 2.6 billion in 1981, accounting for about 6% of China's total foreign trade, to US $ 11527 billion in 2019, reaching 25% of the total. In recent years, the scale of China's processing trade industry has shown an "explosive" growth, occupying a larger proportion in China's foreign trade. It is an important part of China's open economy. Its development is that China has become a trade step by step in the past 30 years. An essential enabler for big powers. In 2009, affected by the financial crisis, the total value of imports and exports of processing trade was US $ 909.153 billion, accounting for 41.18% of the total imports and exports; of which the total value of imports of processing trade was US $ 322.291 billion, a decrease of 14.76% from the same period in 2008. The total export value was US $ 586.862 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 13.15%. In fact, from the 1990s to the 2008 international financial crisis, processing trade exports always accounted for half of China's export trade. After peaking in 1998, since 2011,
the proportion of general trade in exports has exceeded processing trade, and the gap has widened year by year. In 2019, processing trade has decreased by about 5% compared with the previous year, and general trade has increased by 5.5%. The former trade volume More than 57 percentage points lower than the latter. It is not difficult to see that both the absolute quantity and the relative proportion of China's processing trade have fallen. This is the result of a combination of internal and external factors affecting China's foreign trade development. During the same historical period, China began to explore the standardization of villager autonomy and village-level organizational elections from the early 1980s. The 1998 Organic Law clarified the procedures for village committee elections and expanded the scope of grassroots democracy. In the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China's rural villagers' autonomy has experienced four development stages, including the systemization of autonomous organizations, the standardization of grassroots democracy, the deepening of democratic construction, and the modernization of rural governance. It has formed a relatively complete system of villager self-government organizations and a legal system, which has guaranteed 100 million Ten thousand farmers have directly exercised their right to democracy and explored a path for rural grassroots democracy construction with Chinese characteristics. According to statistical data, half of China's trading enterprises are located in rural areas of China. Will the development and transformation of these trading enterprises be affected by the level of village democratic governance based on the villagers' democratic autonomy? Aiming at the current development situation of China ’s foreign trade development transformation and democratic construction process, this article takes Chinese village democratic governance and processing trade transformation as the research object, and attempts to explore the relationship between the micro-level institutions at the grassroots level and the national macro policies of the transformation of trade development methods . The first chapter introduces the research background and significance of this article , reviews the relevant literature about the China's processing trade and the democratic autonomy of Chinese villages, and concludes, and points out the main research methods and main contents of this article. Inadequacy. The second chapter summarizes the development, transformation and upgrading of China's processing trade, location changes, policy evolution, the scientific connotation of transformation and upgrading of processing trade, and the
conceptualization of processing trade and general trade, as well as the upgrading of industrial structure and economic growth. A comparative analysis of the impact of this aspect is used to illustrate the necessity of the transformation of processing trade to general trade. The third chapter summarizes the development process of Chinese village democratic autonomy, and analyzes the development of Chinese village democratic autonomy from different stages. Chapter IV, based on the previous analysis, takes Guangdong Province as an example to analyze the relationship between village democratic governance and processing trade through factual methods, and then fully considers the particularity and complexity of village democratic governance in China, and establishes village committees, superior governments, A game model consisting of enterprises and villagers; the game model is used to analyze the decision-making of multiple agents and their interactions, focusing on the different effects of processing trade and general trade on villagers and villages, and how the village's democratic governance model affects local processing trade enterprises Transformation. Chapter five uses empirical methods to estimate the impact of democratic governance on processing trade enterprises. Based on theoretical modeling, first-hand data of village democratic governance and local processing trade enterprises are obtained through field surveys. Based on detailed observation and quantitative analysis of the data, we test that village democratic governance has affected general trade and processing trade enterprises. Impact. Taking into account the overall regularity and the particularity of the research object, study the relationship between villagers 'employment, income, individual characteristics and village public services, infrastructure and other villages' democratic governance and processing trade enterprises, focusing on the analysis of processing trade and general trade to villagers. The different impacts and how village democratic governance affects the transformation of processing trade enterprises. In the end, it not only answers the major question of whether the national macro policy has the conditions for implementation at the grassroots level and the micro-institutional foundation, but also through top-down scientific decisions and bottom-up Innovate governance to re-examine the vivid picture of reform and opening up between macro and micro.