自从1978年至今，中国经济改革已经历经了三十年。三十年来中国经济高速增长的同时，收入差距也不断扩大。本文以中国经济发展与转型的大背景为基点，利用若干的现代计量经济学方法，从实证分析的角度分别考察了人口结构变化、城乡差异、全球化和劳动力市场分割因素对中国收入分配的影响。我们发现: 首先，老龄化对中国农村的消费不平等的影响很小；其次，城乡差异更多的是由于城乡居民之间的回报差异所带来的，而且在整个分布上也存在着显著的差异；再次，全球化对地区内部的城市工资差异影响不大；最后，我们发现劳动力市场分割程度随着时间的推移逐渐弱化，教育仍然是决定劳动者工资差异的最主要决定因素。

Taking as Chinese economy transition and development in past thirty years as a background, we use some cutting edged econometric methods to explore the relationships between income distribution and four important economic factors which are population aging, urban-rural gap, globalization and labor market segmentation respectively. We have several findings as followed. At first, population aging only plays a minor role in the past inequality in rural China. Secondly, the urban-rural consumption gap is dominated not by the gap of endowments of household between urban and rural but the returns gap to the characteristics of households between them. Thirdly, globalization has no effect on the wage inequality within the provinces. At last but not least, the extent to labor segmentation is mitigated over time and wage inequality in urban China largely due to the increasing difference of receiving education.