研究目的：平衡能力已作为国内外评价身体素质、评定运动技能及健康水平的重要指标之一。良好的平衡能力对人体顺利完成运动及预防跌倒具有积极作用。太极拳是一项有着悠久历史的中国传统武术拳种之一。24式太极拳是太极拳的一种，其运动强度适中、套路简单、内容充实、难易适中，备受太极拳爱好者的青睐，也是初学者较为理想的太极拳入门套路，目前已经被纳入大学体育课程。但是，目前关于太极拳对大学生平衡能力影响的研究较少。因此，本研究从整体本体感觉、前庭觉，膝关节位置觉、力量觉，膝关节在不同角速度下的伸肌最大力矩、屈肌最大力矩等方面，研究太极拳练习对大学生平衡能力的影响；通过分析24式太极拳行进间三个方向典型动作（野马分鬃、倒卷肱、云手）下肢运动学、动力学和下肢肌肉用力特点，探究太极拳练习是如何影响人体的平衡，为太极拳的练习提供数据支持和理论依据。 研究对象：共选取了60名实验对象，并分成了两组，一组为参加太极拳课程的大学生，定义为普通组；一组为体育学院太极拳专业的大学生（练习时间在3年以上），定义为专业组。 研究方案：本研究分为两个部分，第一部分研究24式太极拳对普通组膝关节位置觉、力量觉、膝关节最大力矩、整体本体感觉、视觉、前庭觉和平衡能力的影响。此部分包括两个实验方案，纵向方案比较普通组参加16周太极拳课前后，其膝关节位置觉、力量觉、膝关节最大力矩、整体本体感觉、视觉、前庭觉和平衡能力的变化。横向方案比较普通组（训练后）和专业组，其膝关节位置觉、力量觉、膝关节最大力矩、整体本体感觉、视觉、前庭觉和平衡能力的变化。第二部分分析24式太极拳典型动作的运动学、动力学和下肢肌肉力特点，探究其影响膝关节位置觉、力量觉、膝关节力、整体本体感觉、视觉、前庭觉的有效训练成分。 测试方法：共有60人参加了第一部分的研究。（1）运用Biodex等速肌力测试系统测试普通组参加太极拳课程前后及专业组膝关节在30°、45°、60°位置时位置觉和力量觉，膝关节在角速度为60°/s、120°/s时膝关节伸肌、屈肌的最大向心收缩力矩；运用Biodex平衡测试系统测试普通组参加太极拳课程前后及专业组在睁眼单脚站立（ASL）条件下的重心稳定指数，多感官平衡测试（CTSIB）条件下的整体本体感觉、前庭觉对平衡的控制能力，稳定极限（LOS）条件下的神经肌肉反应能力。有30人参加了第二部分的研究。应用BTS三维运动捕捉系统、三维测力台和表面肌电测试系统同步采集了专业组和普通组太极拳典型动作野马分鬃、倒卷肱和云手原始数据。使用AnyBody人体建模仿真软件计算三种动作过程中膝关节受力峰值时刻的下肢运动学、动力学以及下肢肌肉力。 研究结果：纵向研究：（1）16周太极拳课前后测试结果显示，普通组膝关节在30°、45°、60°时的位置觉能力明显提高（P＜0.01），膝关节在30°、45°时的力量觉能力明显提高（P＜0.01）；膝关节在角速度为60°/s时单位体重的伸肌力矩和屈肌力矩峰值明显提高（P＜0.01），在120°/s时单位体重的伸肌力矩明显提高（P＜0.01）。普通组多感官平衡测试（CTSIB）条件下的整体本体感觉、视觉、前庭觉对平衡的控制能力提高（P＜0.01），稳定极限（LOS）条件下的神经肌肉反应能力明显提高（P＜0.01），睁眼单脚站立（ASL）条件下重心在前后方向、左右方向上的控制能力以及综合稳定能力都有明显提高（P＜0.01）。 （2）横向比较：专业组膝关节在30°、45°、60°时的位置觉、力量觉能力较高（P＜0.01），膝关节在角速度为60°/s、120°/s时单位体重的伸肌、屈肌力矩峰值较高（P＜0.01），CTSIB条件下视觉对平衡的控制能力较高，LOS条件下的神经反应能力较高（P＜0.01），ASL条件下重心在前后方向、左右方向上的控制能力以及综合稳定能力较高（P＜0.01）。 （3）野马分鬃、倒卷肱、云手动作中，膝关节在垂直方向上受力的峰值时刻，专业组野马分鬃动作中，踝关节最小屈曲角度为(62.90±3.54)°，膝关节最小屈曲角度(109.82±12.18)°，髋关节最大外展角度(23.30±5.63)°，髋关节最大内旋角度(7.57±3.14)°，髋关节最大外旋角度(-4.99±2.52)°，髋关节最小屈曲角度(147.42±8.74)°。倒卷肱动作，踝关节最小屈曲角度(68.75±7.12)°，膝关节最小屈曲角度(137.93±9.71)°，髋关节最小屈曲角度(163.33±4.50)°，髋关节最大外旋角度(7.92±2.94)°，髋关节最大外展角度(-38.72±9.09)°。云手动作，踝关节屈曲角度(73.87±4.66)°，膝关节屈曲角度(140.39±13.30)°，髋关节内收角度(7.86±3.31)°，内旋角度(4.48±1.78)°，屈曲角度(169.68±1.48)°。三种动作的下肢三关节角度变化幅度较大；膝关节受力的最大峰值时刻，三种动作之间的踝关节屈曲角度、膝关节屈曲角度以及髋关节外展角度表现出较大差异。 （4）野马分鬃、倒卷肱、云手三种动作之间，以及每种动作不同峰值时刻之间，下肢肌肉用力方式不同，每块肌肉的下肢肌肉贡献率不同。野马分鬃下肢主要用力肌肉：普通组为股外侧肌上、腓肠肌、臀中肌、股中肌、胫骨后肌、股内侧肌、比目鱼肌、股二头肌长头、股直肌、大收肌，专业组为股外侧肌、股中肌、腓肠肌、臀中肌、股内侧肌、比目鱼肌、胫骨后肌、股二头肌长头、股直肌、大收肌。倒卷肱下肢主要用力肌肉，普通组为股外侧肌、臀中肌、股中肌、股内侧肌、臀大肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌、胫骨后肌、股直肌、股二头肌长头，专业组为股外侧肌、臀中肌、比目鱼肌、股二头肌长头、腓肠肌、股中肌、臀大肌、胫骨后肌、股内侧肌、股直肌。云手下肢主要用力肌肉，普通组为股外侧肌、比目鱼肌、臀中肌、腓肠肌、股中肌、股内侧肌、臀大肌、胫骨后肌、股直肌、臀小肌，专业组为股外侧肌、比目鱼肌、腓肠肌、臀中肌、臀大肌、股内侧肌、胫骨后肌、股直肌、股二头肌长头、大收肌。 研究结论：（1）太极拳练习可以提高身体重心在前后方向和左右方向上的平衡能力。实验发现普通组单脚站立时重心在前后、左右方向上的控制能力以及综合的稳定能力提高，专业组单脚站立时重心在前后、左右方向上的控制能力以及综合稳定能力好于普通组。 （2）太极拳练习可以提高下肢关节伸肌群和屈肌群力矩。实验发现普通组膝关节在角速度为60°/s时伸肌群和屈肌群力矩增加，专业组膝关节在60°/s、120°/s时伸肌力和屈肌力均大于普通组。 （3）太极拳练习可以提高本体感觉能力和前庭觉能力。普通组膝关节位置觉和力量觉在30°和45°时均有提高，专业组膝关节30°、45°和60°时对位置觉和力量觉有明显的改善。 （4）在太极拳练习过程中，不同水平太极拳练习者对下肢肌肉的激活程度不同。

Objective: Balance ability has been regarded as one of the most important indicators for evaluating physical fitness, sports skills and health level at domestic and abroad. The better balance ability plays a positive role in successfully completing exercise and preventing falls. Tai chi is a traditional Chinese martial art boxing with a long history. 24-form Taichi (TC) is one kind of Tai chi which is favored by TC enthusiasts, and it is also an ideal Tai chi entry routine for beginners. The characteristics of TC movement is moderate intensity, simple routine, rich content, and easy learning. At present, it has been included in the university physical education curriculum. There are few studies on the influence of TC on College Students' balance ability. The effects of TC exercise on balance ability of college students were studied from the aspects of on position sense and force sense of knee joint, isokinetic knee extensor/flexor strength at different angular velocity, overall proprioception, vision and vestibular sense. By analyzing the characteristics of lower limb kinematics, dynamics and lower limb muscle strength, when practicing Parting the wild horse's mane, Repulse monkey, Cloud hands, which are typical movements in three directions of 24-form of TC . Subject: A total of 60 subjects were selected and divided into two groups. One group was college students who participated in University courses, which was defined as the experiment group. The other group came from College of physical education and sports and major TC, practised TC over a long time (3 years or more), which was defined as the professional group. Research scheme: This study was divided into two parts. The first part was to study the effects of 24-form TC on position sense and force sense of knee joint at different angles, isokinetic knee extensor/flexor strength at different angular velocities, overall proprioception, vision, vestibular sense and balance ability. This part includes two experimental schemes. Longitudinal scheme evaluated the changes of position sense and force sense of knee joint, isokinetic knee extensor/flexor strength at different angular velocity, overall proprioception, vision, vestibular sense and balance ability of experiment group after the 16-week TC lessons. Cross-sectional scheme compared the values of position sense and force sense of knee joint at different angles, isokinetic knee extensor/flexor strength at different angular velocities, overall proprioception, vision, vestibular sense and balance ability between experiment group (after training) and professional group. The second part analyzed the characteristics of kinematics, dynamics and lower limb muscle strength of 24-form TC typical movements, and explored the effective training elements that affect position sense and force sense of knee joint at different angles, isokinetic knee extensor/flexor strength at different angular velocities, overall proprioception, vision, vestibular sense. Methods: A total of 60 subjects participated in the first part of the study. Biodex isokinetic dynamometer system was used to test the position sense and force sense of knee joint at the angular of 30°, 45° and 60°, maximum concentric knee extensor/flexor strength at the angular velocity of 60°/s, 120°/s for the experiment group before and after taking TC course and the professional group. Biodex balance test system tested the stability of the experimental group before and after taking TC course and the professional group containing Athlete single leg with eyes open (ASL), The clinical test of sensory interaction for balance (CTSIB), Limits of stability(LOS). BTS three-dimensional motion capture system, three-dimensional force plate and surface electromyography test system were used to synchronously collect the data of Parting the wild horse's mane, Repulse monkey, Cloud hands. AnyBody human body modeling and simulation system (AMS) was used to calculate and analyze the kinematics, dynamics and muscle stress of lower limbs at the peak moment of knee joint force during the three movements. Results: (1) Longitudinal research found that before and after 16-week TC lessons, position sense ability of knee joint was significantly improved at the angle of 30°, 45° and 60°(P < 0.01). The force sense ability of knee joint was significantly improved at the angle of 30° and 45° (P < 0.01). The muscle strength of extensor and flexor of knee at the angle velocity of 60°/s and extensor of knee at the angle velocity of 120°/s were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The control ability of proprioception, vision and vestibular sense to balance was improved under the condition of CTSIB (P < 0.01), the neuromuscular response ability was improved under the condition of LOS (P < 0.01), the center of gravity in the forward and backward direction, left and right direction and overall stability was improved under the condition of ASL (P < 0.01). (2) Cross-sectional scheme showed that the position and force sense of knee joint in the professional group were higher at the degrees of 30°, 45° and 60° (P < 0.01). The extensor and flexor muscle strength of joint at the angular velocity of 60°/s, 120°/s were higher (P < 0.01). The control ability visual balance under CTSIB condition and neuromuscular response ability under LOS condition were higher for professional group (P < 0.01). The control ability of the center of gravity in the forward and backward directions, left and right directions, and the comprehensive stability ability were higher (P < 0.01) under ASL conditions. (3) At the time of the peak force in the three movements, Parting the wild horse’s mane, Repulse monkey and Cloud Hands, In the professional group of Parting the wild horse’s mane, the minimum flexion angle of ankle joint was (62.90±3.54)°, the minimum flexion angle of knee joint was (109.82±12.18)°, and the maximum abduction angle of hip joint was (23.30±5.63)°, the maximum internal rotation angle of hip joint was (7.57 ± 3.14)°, the maximum external rotation angle of hip joint was (4.99 ± 2.52)°, the minimum flexion angle of hip joint was (147.42 ± 8.74)°. Repulse monkey, minimum flexion angle of ankle joint was (68.75±7.12)°, minimum flexion angle of knee joint was (137.93±9.71)°, minimum flexion angle of hip joint was (13.33±3.18)°, maximum external rotation angle of hip joint was (7.92±2.94) °. Cloud hands, ankle flexion angle was (23.30±5.63)°, knee flexion angle was (140.39±13.30)°, hip abduction angle was (7.86±3.31)°, internal rotation angle was (4.48±1.78)°, flexion angle was (169.68±1.48)°. The angles of the three joints of the lower extremities varied greatly in the three movements; the maximum peak moment of the knee joint force, the angles of ankle flexion, knee flexion and hip abduction among the three movements showed great differences. The contribution rate of the lower limb muscles was different among the three movements. the main muscles of the lower limbs in Parting the wild horse’s mane, the experimental group contained vastus lateral, gastrocnemius, gluteus medius, vastus intermedius, tibialis posterior, vastus medialis, soleus, biceps femoris caput longum, rectus femoris, adductor magnus; the professional group contained vastus lateral, vastus intermedius, gastrocnemius, gluteus medius, vastus medialis, soleus, tibialis posterior, biceps femoris caput longum, rectus femoris, adductor magnus. The main muscles of the lower limbs in Repulse monkey, the experimental group contained vastus lateral, gluteus medius, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, Gluteus maximus, soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis posterior, rectus femoris, biceps femoris caput longum; the professional group contained vastus lateral, gluteus medius, soleus, biceps femoris caput longum, gastrocnemius, vastus intermedius, Gluteus maximus, tibialis posterior, vastus medialis, rectus femoris. The main muscles of the lower limbs in Cloud Hands, the experimental group contained vastus lateral, soleus, gluteus medius, gastrocnemius, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, Gluteus maximus, tibialis posterior, rectus femoris, Gluteus minimus; the professional group contained vastus lateral, soleus, gastrocnemius, gluteus medius, Gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, tibialis posterior, rectus femoris, biceps femoris caput longum, adductor magnus. Conclusion: （1）TC exercises effectively improved the postural stability in the anterior/posterior and medial/lateral directions. （2）TC exercises improved the extensor and flexor strength of knee joints. The extensor strength and flexor strength of knee joint at the angle velocity of 60°/s increased for the experimental group. The extensor strength and flexor strength of knee joint at the angle velocity of 60°/s and 120°/s increased for the experimental group. The increase of extensor and flexor strength promoted balance ability. （3）TC exercises improved the position sense and force sense of knee joint. For the experimental group, the position sense and force sense of knee joint at the angle of 30°, 45° were improved; for the professional group, the position sense and force sense of knee joint at the angle of 30°, 45° and 60° were higher. （4）In the process of Taichi practice, the activation degree of lower limb muscles of Taichi practitioners at different levels is different.