父亲与母亲教养投入是指父亲和母亲在教养儿童的过程中，为了促进儿童的发展，在 生活照顾、学业支持、情感休闲和规则教导等活动内容上与儿童直接互动的程度，是父母 教养行为在数量上的体现。已有研究表明，父亲与母亲教养投入对儿童发展有着各自独立 且显著的影响。在青少年期，个体自主性不断增强，更易出现心理适应不良，也对父母的 教养投入提出了新的要求，青少年与父母同时面临新的危机与挑战。因此，需要特别关注 青少年家庭的父母教养投入和青少年适应。以往研究多探讨父母教养投入的总体水平对儿 童青少年消极适应的影响，对积极适应的关注较少，鉴于情绪和行为适应是青少年的重要 发展性指标，本研究进一步探讨了父亲与母亲教养投入对青少年情绪和行为适应良好及适 应不良的影响；过去的研究主要关注父母教养投入的总体水平，忽视了父母教养投入的不 同维度（规则教导、生活照顾、学业支持、情感休闲）具有领域特殊性，而了解具体维度 对青少年心理适应的影响程度及其内部作用机制，对于科学指导父母教养投入的干预实践， 发挥父母各自独特的功能，共同促进青少年积极成长具有重要的意义。考虑到父母自评时 可能受社会赞许性影响而产生偏差，相较于父母自评，青少年感知到的父母教养投入对其 心理适应的预测力更强。基于此，本研究将从青少年感知的视角，首先考察父亲与母亲教 养投入的特点，紧接着比较父亲与母亲教养投入的总体水平和不同维度对青少年情绪和行 为适应的影响程度及其内部作用机制的差异，最后结合前两个研究的结果开展基于证据的 父母教养投入干预研究。

研究一采用问卷法，比较青少年感知的父亲与母亲教养投入特点。共有 2370 名双亲家 庭的青少年参与问卷调查。结果发现，青少年家庭的父母教养投入既有共性，又有差异性。 具体表现为：（1）父母呈现基本相似的教养投入模式，即规则教导水平最高、生活照顾和 学业支持居中，情感休闲水平最低。（2）无论是在总体上，还是子维度上，母亲的教养投 入水平均显著高于父亲。（3）母亲对女孩的生活照顾、情感休闲和规则教导显著多于男孩， 父亲对男孩的规则教导和学业支持显著多于女孩；父母教养投入水平均随青少年年龄的增 长而显著下降；父母对独生子女的教养投入水平均显著高于非独生子女；家庭主观社会经 济地位越高，父母教养投入水平越高。

研究二采用结构方程模型，分别从总体水平和不同维度两个方面，比较父母教养投入 对青少年情绪适应（情绪稳定性和情绪问题）和行为适应（亲社会行为和反社会行为）的 影响程度及作用机制的差异。结果表明：（1）父亲与母亲教养投入的总体水平对青少年适 应具有独特的影响，其中父亲主要影响情绪适应，母亲主要影响行为适应。（2）父亲的情 感休闲正向预测情绪稳定性，母亲的情感休闲负向预测情绪问题、正向预测亲社会行为， 母亲的规则教导正向预测亲社会行为；父母的生活照顾、学业支持及父亲的规则教导对情 绪和行为适应均没有显著预测作用。（3）亲子依恋在父母的情感休闲、母亲的规则教导对青少年情绪和行为适应的影响中具有显著的部分中介作用。（4）父母的情感休闲影响青少 年情绪和行为适应的作用机制既有相似性，又有差异性。相似性为：父母的情感休闲既会 通过亲子依恋的 “溢出效应”又会通过亲子依恋的“交叉效应”对情绪和行为适应产生影 响。差异性体现在，母亲的情感休闲会通过父子依恋的“交叉效应”对亲社会行为产生负 向削弱作用，对情绪问题产生正向加重作用，也就是说，母亲的情感休闲具有“双刃剑” 作用；父亲的情感休闲会通过母子依恋的“交叉效应”对情绪稳定性产生正向增强作用。（5）母亲的规则教导会通过母子依恋的“溢出效应”和父子依恋的“交叉效应”对亲社会 行为产生正向影响。

研究三采用干预法和问卷法，开展基于证据的父母教养投入促进性干预方案的开发、 执行、评估及干预机制的检验。根据研究一和研究二的发现可知，父母的情感休闲投入水 平最低，但是对情绪和行为适应的影响最为突出，因此，父母教养投入干预方案的开发将 以重点提升父母的情感休闲水平为核心。共招募 48 对（其中实验组=24，对照组=24）青少 年早期家庭中的父/母及孩子参与研究。父母教养投入团体干预课程为期 6 周，每周 2.5 小 时。干预结束后请被试填写问卷，1 个月后对实验组进行追踪调查。结果表明：（1）父母 教养投入干预方案具有可行性；（2）父母教养投入干预方案对提升父母的情感休闲、改善 亲子依恋关系具有显著的即时效果和延时效果；（3）在父母教养投入干预中，父亲的情感 休闲改变量能显著正向预测父子依恋和母子依恋，父子依恋和母子依恋的改变量能显著正 向预测青少年情绪稳定性。这一结果部分验证了亲子依恋的中介作用。

总之，本研究使用问卷法和团体干预相结合的混合研究设计，明确了父亲和母亲教养 投入对青少年情绪和行为适应的独特影响；发现了父母的情感休闲和母亲的规则教导能够 有效促进青少年情绪和行为适应；揭示了亲子依恋在父母的情感休闲、母亲的规则教导与 青少年情绪和行为适应关系中的作用机制，发现了母亲的情感休闲具有“双刃剑”作用； 验证了父母教养投入干预方案的可行性、有效性和干预机制，可为父母教养投入领域的研 究和实践应用提供理论和方法上的参考。

As quantitative embodiment of parenting behavior, parental involvement refers to the degree of direct interaction between parents and children in such positive activities as childcare, schoolwork support, emotion and leisure, as well as discipline and reprimand in order to promote the development of children in their upbringing. As indicated by existed studies, paternal and maternal involvement assume independent and significant impacts on child development. In adolescence, with the continuous enhancement of individual autonomy, psychological maladjustment is more likely to occur, which also puts forward new requirements on parental involvement, and adolescents and parents face new crises and challenges at the same time. Therefore, special attention needs to be paid to parental involvement and adolescent adaptation in adolescent families.More than previous studies to explore the influence of the overall level of parental involvement on adolescents' negative adjustment, positive adjustment to the attention of  a small, given the emotional and behavioral adjustment to teenagers are important developmental indicators, this study will further explore the effects of paternal and maternal involvement on the adolescents' emotional and behavioral adjustment. Past researches mainly focused on the overall level of parental involvement, ignored the different dimensions of parental involvement (childcare, schoolwork support, emotion and leisure, as well as discipline and reprimand) have field particularity, while understanding the degree of influence of specific dimensions on adolescent psychological adaptation and its internal mechanism is of great significance for scientifically guiding the intervention practice of parental involvement, giving play to the unique functions of parents and jointly promoting the positive growth of adolescents.Considering that the parents' self- evaluation may be biased by the influence of social approvability, compared with the parents' self- evaluation, adolescents' perceived parental involvement has a stronger predictive power for their psychological adaptation. Based on the above analysis, this study will firstly examine the characteristics of paternal and maternal involvement from the perspective of adolescent perception. Then, the influence of the overall level and different dimensions of paternal and maternal involvement on adolescents' emotional and behavioral adaptation and the differences in their internal mechanisms will be compared. Finally, an evidence-based parental involvement intervention study will be conducted based on the results of the first two studies.

Questionnaire  is  employed  in  research  one,  in  which  the  questionnaire  of  parental involvement behavior evaluated by adolescents is adopted to carry out comparison of the status quo of paternal and maternal involvement perceived by adolescents. A total of 2,370 adolescents from two-parent families take the survey. As suggested by the results, there are both similarities and differences in parental involvement in the families of these adolescents, including: (1) Fathers and mothers demonstrate basically similar patterns of parental involvement, namely the highest level of discipline and reprimand, the middle level of childcare and schoolwork support, and the lowest level of emotion and leisure. (2) Maternal involvement is significantly higher than that of paternal, both in general and in the four sub-dimensions of discipline and reprimand, childcare, schoolwork support, as well as emotion and leisure; (3) Adolescents of different genders show significant differences in the influence on parental involvement. As a rule, maternal involvement in childcare, emotion and leisure, as well as discipline and reprimand for girls is significantly higher than that for boys; Paternal involvement in discipline and reprimand and schoolwork support for boys is significantly higher than that for girls; Both paternal and maternal involvement significantly decrease with the growth of adolescents' age; Both paternal and maternal involvement for only children are significantly higher than that for non-only children; The higher the family's subjective socio-economic status is, the greater the parental involvement is.

In research two, by introducing the structural variance model, the influence degree and mechanism of parental involvement on adolescents' emotional and behavioral adjustment are compared in the same model from two aspects, namely the overall level and different dimensions (discipline and reprimand, childcare, schoolwork support, emotion and leisure). According to the results, (1) The overall level of paternal and maternal involvement exerts its own unique impact on the adjustment of adolescents, among which fathers' influence is mainly on emotional adjustment, while that of mothers is mainly on behavioral adjustment; (2) Fathers' emotion and leisure positively predicts emotional stability, mothers' emotion and leisure negatively predict emotional problems, positively predict pro-social behavior, and mothers' discipline and reprimand positively predict pro-social behavior. Neither parents' childcare and schoolwork support nor fathers' discipline and reprimand assume significant influence on emotional and behavioral adjustment; (3) Parent-child attachment plays a significant part in mediating the influence of parents' emotion and leisure and mothers' discipline and reprimand on adolescents' emotional or behavioral adjustment; (4) There are both similarities and differences in the effects of parents' emotion and leisure and mothers' discipline and reprimand on the mechanisms of adolescents' emotional or behavioral adjustment. The similarity lies in that parents' emotion and leisure and mothers' discipline and reprimand both exert influence on emotional or behavioral adjustment through the "spillover effect" and "crossover effect" of parent-child attachment. The difference lies in the positive enhancement of mothers' discipline and reprimand on pro-social behaviors through the "crossover effect" of father-child attachment, and the negative weakening of mothers' emotion and leisure on pro-social behavior through the "crossover effect" of father-child attachment thus aggravating the emotional problems. This evidences the "double-edged sword" characteristic of mothers' emotion and leisure; Fathers' emotion and leisure assumes a positive effect on emotional stability through the "crossover effect" of mother-child attachment.

In research three, the methods of intervention and questionnaire are adopted to carry out the development, implementation, evaluation and verification of the intervention mechanism of evidence-based parental involvement promotion intervention program. As can be concluded from research one and two, despite the minimal parental involvement in emotion and leisure, it assumes the most prominent impact on emotional and behavioral adjustment, indicating that the improvement of parents' emotion and leisure level should be the focus of parental involvement programs. A total of 48 pairs (24 in the experimental group and 24 in the control group) of parents and children in early adolescent families are recruited and enrolled in a group intervention program of 2.5 hours of parental involvement per week for 6 weeks. After intervention, the subjects are required to fill in the questionnaire, and the experimental group is followed up 1 month later. As indicated by the results, (1) The intervention program of parental involvement is of feasibility; (2) The intervention program of parental involvement demonstrates significant immediate and delayed effects on the promotion of parents' emotion and leisure and improvement of parent-child attachment; (3) In parental involvement intervention, the changes of fathers' emotion and leisure shall significantly and positively predict father-child attachment and mother-child attachment, while the changes of father-child attachment and mother-child attachment shall significantly and positively predict adolescents' emotional stability, which verifies the mediating role of parent-child attachment.

In conclusion, by introducing a mixed research design combining questionnaire and group intervention, this paper identifies the influence of parental and maternal involvement on the emotional behavioral adjustment of adolescents respectively, clarifies the effective promotion of parents' emotion and leisure and mothers' discipline and reprimand on adolescents’ emotional or behavioral adjustment, reveals the mechanism of parent-child attachment in parents' emotion and leisure and mothers' discipline and reprimand on adolescents’ emotional or behavioral adjustment, verifies the "double-edged sword" feature of mothers' emotion and leisure, and confirms the feasibility, effectiveness and intervention mechanism of parental involvement intervention program. In this way, the research and practice in parental involvement are provided with theoretical and methodological references.