本研究聚焦于资源短缺与环境保护两大全球性问题，试图寻找平衡点，探讨在何种情境下、对于何种人群，资源短缺可以有效促进民众的亲环境行为。以生命史理论为基础，本研究认为资源短缺并不总是能促进亲环境行为，一方面资源短缺可能会使个体倾向于选择快策略，更关注当下利益，进而在行为上表现出更不环保；另一方面也可能会促使个体选择慢策略，更关注未来收益，进而表现出更多的亲环境行为。本研究分别从进化心理学视角和认知心理学视角，关注到情境因素和个体因素，认为环境不稳定性和未来取向是调节资源短缺与亲环境行为关系的重要因素，并通过两个研究对调节效应进行探讨。 研究一主要考察环境不稳定性的调节作用，采用四个子研究对调节效应进行了验证。研究1a和研究1b通过分析多层数据和面板数据，分别探讨了地区宏观的资源短缺程度（如人口密度、人均淡水资源、人均耕地面积）和宏观的环境不稳定性如何影响该地区个体的亲环境态度（研究1a）和实际的亲环境行为（研究1b），结果验证了地区环境不稳定性的调节作用，只有在低环境不稳定地区，资源短缺才可以正向预测亲环境态度和行为。研究1c和研究1d进一步在微观层面进行探讨，并验证其中的因果关系，研究1c通过操纵个体感知到的资源短缺程度，证明只有处于稳定环境的个体，资源短缺的启动才能有效促进个体的亲环境行为倾向，研究1d同时操纵个体感知到的资源短缺和环境不稳定性，再次验证假设一，只有在低环境不稳定启动组，资源短缺的启动才能促使个体节约用水和用纸。 研究二主要考察未来取向的调节作用，采用四个子研究对调节效应进行了验证。研究2a将地区层面长期取向指数作为该地区的未来取向指标，发现只有在长期取向较高的地区，其客观的资源短缺程度（如人口密度、人均淡水资源和人均耕地面积）才能正向预测该地区个体的亲环境态度和行为。研究2b和研究2c进一步在微观层面进行探讨，研究2b采用问卷调查发现，只有对持高未来取向的个体，其感知到的资源短缺程度才能正向预测其日常亲环境行为频率，研究2c进一步操纵个体感知到的资源短缺程度，发现相较于控制组，资源短缺组更愿意捐款给环保组织，但这一正向影响只存在于高未来取向的个体中，结果再次验证假设二。研究2d试图考察研究结果的应用价值，通过设计不同类型节水海报，发现只有当海报中突出为未来考量的信息时，资源短缺型海报才能达到节水的效果。 本研究创新性的采用进化心理学理论来理解和解释亲环境行为，具有重要的理论意义，研究结果验证了生命史理论的核心观点，补充了现有关于资源短缺、环境不稳定性和未来取向的相关研究，同时也为如何提高民众亲环境行为提供了切实可行的指导方案。

Focusing on the two serious global issues, resource scarcity and environmental protection, the present study attempted to explore boundary conditions for the positive effect of resource scarcity on pro-environmental behaviors. Based on the life history theory, we assumed that resource scarcity could not always foster individuals to behave eco-friendly. Actually, it is both evolutionarily adaptive to enact slower strategies and faster strategies to respond to the resource scarcity. That is to say, when exposure to the resource scarcity, individuals may care more about immediate desires and then behave in less eco-unfriendly ways, or otherwise, they may attach more importance on future needs, and then show more pro-environmental behaviors. In the present study, we proposed that environmental unpredictability and future orientation would moderate the effect of resource scarcity on pro-environmental behaviors from the perspective of evolutionary psychology and cognitive psychology. And two studies were conducted to verify the hypotheses. Study 1 included four sub-studies to test the moderation hypothesis of environmental unpredictability. Specifically, Study 1a and Study 1b preliminarily explored whether the association between resource scarcity and pro-environmental attitudes/behaviors would vary in environments with different levels of unpredictability at the country level. And results from the two sub-studies verified our moderation hypothesis consistently. In responding to the resource scarcity, individuals living in the predictable environment had a tendency to hold higher levels of pro-environmental attitudes, and behave more eco-friendly behaviors, but the positive prediction disappeared for individuals living in the unpredictable environment. Then we attempted to replicate the results and clarify the causal effect at the individual level in Study 1c and Study 1d. The resource scarcity was manipulated in both studies, and the environmental unpredictability was manipulated in Study 1d. Findings in the two sub-studies consistently revealed that environmental unpredictability played a moderating role for the effect of resource scarcity on pro-environmental behaviors. That is, only in the environment with high levels of predictability, exposure to the resource scarcity could remind individuals to behave more pro-environmental behaviors, such as choosing to cut less forests, using less water and papers. In Study 2, four sub-studies were conducted to verify the moderation hypothesis of future orientation. Study 2a aimed to test whether the association between resource scarcity at the country-level and pro-environmental behaviors at the individual-level depend on country levels of long-term orientation using HLM. Results revealed that only in countries with long-term orientation, resource scarcity could positively predict individuals’ pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. To replicate the results and clarify the causal effect at the individual level, we further conducted two sub-studies. Through a cross-sectional designed survey, Study 2b found perceived resource scarcity were positively related to daily pro-environmental behaviors for individuals with higher levels future orientation, but the positive association disappeared for individuals with lower levels future orientation. In line with the findings obtained in Study 2b, the findings in Study 2c verified the moderation hypothesis again by manipulating the resource scarcity. Specifically, only for individuals with higher levels of future orientation, exposure to the resource scarcity could foster individuals to donate money to environmental protection organizations. Study 2d further explored the practical implications of the moderating effect. Resouce scarcity and future orientation were manipulated though changing elements in different water-saving posters. And the results revealed that the poster with resource scarcity information had a better publicity effect only when the information of future orientation was included in the poster. The findings of the present research have both theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, we pioneered to discuss pro-environmental behaviors from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Findings in the present study are in accordance with the life history theory, and also advance research in topics of resource scarcity, environmental unpredictability and future orientation. Moreover, the present study provided some important and practical guidance for promoting individuals’ pro-environmental behaviors.