在今日之中国，污染转移已经演化成为一类相当普遍、典型且危害极为严重的环境犯罪行为或犯罪现象。这一极具本土特色的严重环境犯罪尚未引起我国刑事法学者的真正关注，运用刑法抗制污染转移可谓学界研究的盲区。在环境危机日趋严峻、环境犯罪愈演愈烈的整体社会背景下，污染转移现象促使我们从环境犯罪事实层面、观念层面到制度规范层面检讨和反思我国现行的环境刑事立法、司法，并立足于本土和国际趋势提出相应对策。第一，污染转移的事实特征与规律揭示。全球范围内，发达国家主导污染转移的事实表明，人类在工业文明模式下尚未找到解决环境问题的根本出路。环境危机是工业文明自身弊病的产物，文明的转型与升级才是最终的救赎之道，生态文明理念的兴起及其战略地位的提升为人类走出困境提供了科学指南。生态文明奠基于高度发达的工业化水平，这表明经济发展始终是解决环境问题最关键、最核心的推动力。因此，在经济发展与环境保护两者的动态博弈中适时寻求支撑点与合理内核是生态文明大背景下应对污染转移等环境问题的科学态度和总体原则。污染转移是我们这样一个发展中大国最具本土特色，且极为严重的环境问题，其是我国环境危机、环境犯罪日益严重的重要推手。污染转移导致污染不必要、不可持续的大范围时空位移，这种动态位移极大加剧了我国整体的环境风险。概括起来，污染转移主要表现为两种类型：一是发达国家的公害输入；二是国内经济发展不平衡导致的区域污染转移，表现为污染西移、污染下乡、污染以大城市为中心向周边扩散。这两种现象主要通过废物的直接转移以及污染产业、技术、设备、工艺等间接转移途径实现。污染转移具有非持续性、重复性、低效性、破坏性、隐蔽性等特征，这些特征在一定程度上掩盖、模糊了人们对其危害性的认识。污染转移的事实与规律表明其是行为人有意识、有目的实施的规避法律和治污责任的行为，严重危害环境和国家的环境保护制度，是一种非必要的“恶”和人为的掠夺、压榨与非正义行径，与可持续发展、生态文明的理念背道而驰，具有强烈的社会非难性与可谴责性。第二，刑法介入污染转移的必要性、正当性以及限度考察。西方发达国家运用刑法应对一般性环境问题的实践表明，在环境领域动用刑罚是人类理性的制度设计与选择。环境刑法绿色化、生态化发展趋势彰显出人类对环境保护在观念与制度层面都经历了深刻、系统的变革。污染转移是一种特殊的环境问题，相比一般危害环境的行为其社会危害性更大，严重背离一般的公平、正义、秩序等法律价值，对污染转移行为仅仅依靠民事、行政等非刑事法律手段不能有效应对，出于环境风险管理与控制的现实需要出发，动用刑罚规制污染转移具有必要性、正当性。危害环境行为犯罪化是一个历史的演进过程，西方发达国家的刑法对环境的保护呈现逐步扩大与增强的趋势，刑法保护环境的内涵与侧面呈现鲜明的渐进性、层次性、阶段性，与其国内的物质发展水平具有相当的契合性。这表明，尽管刑法介入环境领域受限于特定国家的物质经济发展水平，但绝不能裹足不前，而是应紧扣时代脉搏，适时调整，勇于承担保护环境的当代使命。我国刑法介入环境的限度应考虑我国的现实国情，随着社会经济的发展不断调整和提升运用刑法环境保护的观念与水平，逐步扩大刑罚介入环境的范围与力度。我国刑法介入环境的一般限度应坚持六点原则：一是持续强化刑法介入的整体刑事政策；二是现实性与超前性相统一；三是坚持人本主义，统筹环境法益与传统法益；四是强化前置非刑手段执行力；五是由结果本位主义转向行为本位主义；六是统筹协调，保持谦抑与适度。刑法介入污染转移的具体限度亦应在前述六项基本原则下展开，其核心在于三点：一是加强污染转移行为控制，增设危险犯、行为犯，构建全程一体化犯罪防控机制；二是摒弃刑法单纯打击“洋废物”的区别立法，对国内废物的非法转移也应当加强刑法保护；三是对间接污染转移，即落后生产方式转移的规制，刑法应当在谨慎的基础上，理性介入，通过提高整体的环境刑事保护水平、强化政府的环境监管责任间接实现。第三，污染转移的刑事立法对策。污染转移这一严重的环境犯罪类型在现阶段的西方发达国家并不普遍，这得益于西方发达国家整体严格的环境刑事法律保护。西方发达国家防治污染转移主要有三点经验：一是通过环境刑事立法理念与制度的变革，西方国家具备高水准环境刑事立法供给，其环境刑法中蕴藏着利于遏制污染转移的系列积极因子；二是率先加强刑事立法推动整个国家的环保水平，与发展中国家形成环保鸿沟，成功御污染于国门之外同时将污染逼赶出国门；三是整体联动，系统变革，清除污染转移得以产生的制度性毒瘤——污染避风巷。相比西方发达国家，我国环境刑事立法较为落后，环境刑法无力对环境提供一个高水平的保护，环境刑事立法无论是从宏观制度还是具体罪名设计上都存在诸多缺陷，无法形成制度合力，铲除“污染避风巷”。具体表现为：全程一体化犯罪防控机制缺失；废物犯罪立法存在缺陷，对“洋废物”与国产废物实行区别对待；刑法无从规制间接污染转移，存在立法空白。因此，污染转移的防治，首先是构建全程一体化犯罪防控机制，核心是偏重行为本位主义刑法，增设危险犯、行为犯，强化刑法对危害环境行为的控制；其次还应当进行一些积极的、具体的制度应对，增设专门的污染转移犯罪罪名，完善废物犯罪防治体系，加强对间接污染转移的刑法规制等，形成对污染非法转移的整体防治体系。第四，污染转移的刑事司法对策。执行是法律的生命线。在生态对抗经济的普遍矛盾下，全球实践表明环境刑法执法效果不佳是一个普遍规律。环境刑事法律实效性不佳的现实在一定程度上冲击了刑法介入环境领域的正当性、合理性根基。但学界普遍认为，环境刑事司法或执法效果不佳的局面并不能成为否定刑事制裁手段效用的证据，采取积极的应对措施，推动环境刑事法律的执行是更为务实的选择。目前，我国环境刑事法律备而不用的现状极为突出，绝大多数的环境犯罪没有得到惩治，环境刑法面临严峻的存在危机。我国环境刑事司法面临各种问题，导致环境刑事司法的整体效果不佳，影响了刑法规制污染转移的效度。但更为重要的问题是，我国环境刑事法律在全国范围内没有得到最低限度的执行，执法缺位、执法不力或执法的巨大地区性差异造就了“污染避风巷”，使得污染转移在不同地区面临截然不同的惩罚甚至不处罚，这是我国环境刑事司法无法有效遏制污染转移的根源之所在。因此，环境刑事司法层面防治污染转移依赖于环境刑事司法的整体完善，环境刑事司法可以从三个方面进行变革：一是侧重强化环境行政执法的权威，通过环境行政法的执行来弱化差异性司法下刑法缺位或执行不力导致的负效应；二是发挥刑罚的“倒逼”效应，催生刑罚替代措施；三是尽量弱化行政从属性产生的负效应，突出环境刑法刚性与强势的一面。在环境刑事司法整体完善的基础上，针对污染转移这种特殊的环境犯罪，还应该进行一些富有针对性的对策，比如建立污染转移情报信息平台，组建全国统一性的环境刑事司法机构，重点惩治单位犯罪等等。

Today in China, pollution transfer has evolved into a fairly common class of environmental crimes or criminal phenomenon which is typical and seriously harmful. It has not yet caught the attention of criminal law scholars in China. Therefore, the use of the criminal law in pollution transfer was a blind spot of academic research. From the concept, system, to specific normative level, pollution transfer motivated us to review our present criminal legislation and criminal justice of environment protection, and to put forward corresponding countermeasures based on the domestic and international trend.Firstly, the characteristics and objective law of pollution transfer. Globally, the pollution transfer was dominated by developed countries and it shows that we have not yet found the fundamental way to cure the environment problems in mode of industrial civilization. Environmental crisis is the product of industrial civilization itself ills, the transformation and upgrading of the civilization is the ultimate solution, the rise of the concept of ecological civilization and the ascension of its strategic position provides scientific guidelines for the human dilemma. Ecological civilization is founded on a highly developed level of industrialization, and economic development is always the key and the core driving force. Therefore, to coordinate economic development and environmental protection is a scientific attitude and the general principle to deal with pollution transfer and other environmental issues under the context of ecological civilization.Pollution transfer is an extremely serious environmental problem. It is also the most local characteristics of our country. And it was the main culprit for environment crisis and environmental crime. Pollution transfer resulted in unsustainable widespread displacement in time and space, this kind of displacement greatly contributed to the overall environmental risk of China. In summary, the pollution transfer can usually be two types: one is pollution input from developed countries; the other is regional pollution transfer which has three forms: westward pollution transfer, pollution transfer to the countryside, and pollution transfer in big cities from center to surrounding. Pollution transfer can be divided into two kinds: one is direct transfer and the other is indirect transfer of polluting industries, technology, equipment, or technology. Pollution transfer has features as being unsustainable, repetitive, inefficient, destructive, concealed and so on, which might cover its harmfulness to some extent. Facts and law of pollution transfer show that it’s conscious, purposeful acts of the perpetrator to evade pollution liability, which seriously endangers the environment and its protection. It is unnecessary, unjust, and is contrary to the sustainable construction and ecological civilization. It is supposed to have a strong social criticism and widespread condemnation.Secondly, the necessity, legitimacy, and limits for the use of criminal law in pollution transfer. Practice in western developed countries showed that environmental criminal law is the rational system and reasonable choice for us. As can be seen from its ecological direction, environment criminal law has undergone profound changes in concept and system. Pollution transfer is a special kind of environmental problems which is more harmful than general environmental issues and seriously deviates from the fairness, justice, order and other general legal value. It cannot be effective enough just relying on the criminal law such as civil, administrative means, so the use of criminal law in pollution transfer has its necessity and justification.Criminalization of environmental hazards is an evolutionary process. In the western developed countries, the use of environmental criminal law is gradually expanding and enhancing. To a certain extent, the use of criminal law in protecting environment always keeps fit with its economy development level. Correspondingly, it is also limited by economy development level of the country. Nevertheless, the criminal law should not hesitate but bravely undertake the mission of protecting the environment. Combine with our national conditions, the use of the environmental criminal law should be gradually expanded and steady strengthened, along with economic growth and concepts upgrading. In the use of environmental criminal law, there are six principles should be insist: 1. Continuously strengthen the overall criminal policy; 2. Unify the reality with the advancing; 3.Unify the environmental law benefit with the traditional legal interests based on humanism; 4. Strengthen the implementation of previously non-criminal means; 5. Transform the importance from results to acts; 6.Be systematic and maintain the moderation. There are three key points for using the criminal law in pollution transfer: Firstly, strengthen the behavior control of pollution transfer, set up dangerous crime and offense of act for pollution transfer, and build a complete system which range from crime prevention to crime control. Secondly, don’t be limited to transfer of foreign trash but also include illegal transfer of domestic waste. Thirdly, control transfer of indirect pollution and backward mode of production, and cautiously introduce the criminal law by means of improving the overall level of environmental protection or strengthening the government's regulatory responsibility.Thirdly, countermeasures of the criminal legislation in pollution transfer. Thanks to strict protection by the environmental criminal law, pollution transfer is not common in the developed countries. There are three experiences for western developed countries to prevent and control pollution transfer: Firstly, high-level environmental criminal legislation and its concept are helpful for pollution transfer control. Secondly, seasonable criminal legislation is conducive to ensure the environment protection and to stop pollution inflow from other countries. Thirdly, complete system of the environmental criminal legislation which leaves no room for pollution. However, environmental criminal law in China has many defects: be in a low lever, be without complete system, be not powerful enough, and still have some harbor of refuge for pollution. Therefore, lots of things should be done for pollution transfer control in China. On the one hand, we should build the integrative crime prevention and control mechanism, including emphasizing the criminal behavior, setting up dangerous crime and offense of act for pollution transfer, strengthening the control of acts endangering the environment, etc. On the other hand, we should make some positive, specific system, including adding some special accusation for pollution transfer, perfect the prevention system of waste crime, controlling transfer of indirect pollution, etc.Fourthly, countermeasures of the criminal justice in pollution transfer. Execution is the lifeline of the law. But due to the disparity between economic development and environmental protection, the effect of environmental criminal justice seems to be poor on a global scale. This fact partly marred the legitimacy and rationality of the use of criminal law in protecting environment. Nevertheless, the general opinion is that the embarrassing situation of environmental criminal justice can be the evidence for negating it. At present, the vast majority of environmental crime has not been punished, and the existence of environmental criminal law be faced with severe crisis. In China, environmental criminal justice should face various kinds of problems which affect the effects of criminal law regulation of pollution transfer. Especially, the implementation of environmental criminal law fails to reach the minimum. Just because of the mission, ineffectiveness, and regional variation of the law-enforcement, pollution transfer in China gets its harbor of refuge.Therefore, the criminal justice in pollution transfer should rely on perfecting of the whole environmental criminal justice. First of all, strengthen authority of the enforcement of the administrative law and shortening the negative effect of ineffectiveness of the criminal justice. Secondly, utilize the "reversed transmission" effect of punishment and make some alternative measures. Finally, shortening the negative effect of subordination of the administrative and highlight the rigidity and the strength of the criminal law. At the same time, in view of the particularity of this special environment crime, we should also find some targeted countermeasures, such as build an information platform, form national environmental criminal justice institutions, focus on punishing unit crime, etc.