鉴于半导体技术在过去的半个世纪中对社会生产力所产生的巨大推动作用，一种可以控制光子的光学材料——光子晶体——被人们寄予了厚望。经过二十多年的发展，光子晶体的广阔应用前景已经初露端倪。但其毕竟是一种全新的概念，对它的研究还不够深入和广泛，其很多特性还没有得到很好的应用，有必要开展进一步的研究，尤其是可见光波段全向禁带的实现与展宽方面。牛津大学M.Campbell等人在《Nature》上提出利用全息术制作可见光波段的三维光子晶体受到了广泛地重视。利用该方法制作光子晶体直接、成本低、速度快、有实用意义。本论文主要研究用低折射率材料实现可见光区全向禁带。论文具体工作包括以下内容：第一，设计了一种用全息方法实现的二维复式三角晶格。为了用低折射率材料制得宽带隙光子晶体，又考虑到全息方法在制作复结构方面的优势，本文制作了一种两个三角晶格嵌套而成的复式三角晶格。文中理论分析和实验结果均表明，单个二维正三角晶格的TE波不可能具有全向禁带；而在一定条件下，由两个正三角晶格嵌套而成的复式三角晶格的TE波可以获得可见光区的全向禁带。实验中所用记录介质为低折射率材料重铬酸盐明胶（DCG）。第二，用激光全息技术在特定方向多次曝光的方法展宽晶格的光子禁带。对于三维结构，虽然金刚石晶格比面心立方晶格具有较宽的禁带，但还是没有得到全空间禁带，尤其是用低折射率材料。得到全空间禁带非常重要的一步就是必须具有足够宽的方向禁带。本文提出一种展宽禁带的方法，将三套金刚石晶格旋转套构得到一个复式晶格，这个晶格具有很宽的禁带。实验过程中所用的全息记录介质是DCG。本文通过在金刚石晶格的布里渊区高对称方向多次曝光制作了三套金刚石套构而成的金刚石复结构，这种复结构具有非常宽的方向禁带。禁带宽度可以达到260nm，禁带宽度与禁带中心波长的比值能达到50%，入射角在三维空间 范围内拥有20nm（450nm～470nm）公共带隙。即，利用低折射率材料DCG制得的光子晶体在83%的4π立体角的空间中均存在较宽的公共带隙。这个复结构虽然没有全空间带隙，但能利用低折射率材料做出具有如此宽带隙的结构也是有很大的意义，公共带隙的角度调节范围已经可以满足大多数实际应用了。第三，通过激光全息技术，用记录介质DCG制作了自相似球层结构，其在可见光波段获得了全空间带隙。本文理论分析了自相似球结构实现全空间带隙的可行性，然后通过实验结果研究了这种结构的带隙特性。这种结构具有宽度可达120nm的全空间带隙，即使入射光倾斜偏离自相似球中心达到半径的四分之三（相当于光在球面上的入射角为 ）时晶体仍存在30nm的完全带隙。更重要的是，这种自相似球层结构的光子晶体对材料的折射率调制没有严格要求。这将在实际应用中有广阔的应用前景。第四，提出了一种在全息图中引入缺陷的简单有效的方法。利用透镜和低功率连续激光器，可以在全息光子晶体中引入任意形状和尺寸的缺陷，而且对缺陷的尺度控制非常方便，可以很容易的获得亚微米量级的缺陷。这将在大面积掩模板方面具有很大的发展潜力。

Due to the rapid progress of semiconductor in the past 50 years and its contribution to technology, Photonic Crystal (PC), a new optical materials which can control the behavior of photon, has been widely studied and highly expected to bring a great breakthrough in information technology just as semiconductor. Through efforts for 20 years, PC has already shown a great potential in the future applications. However, the further studies on PC are still necessary to reveal some new fundamental phenomena and to develop some new technique for actual applications. Among of them, to achieve omnidirectional band gaps even complete band gaps (CBGs) in the visible range is one of the most important topics. M.Campbell et al. showed that 3D photonic crystal can be fabricated by 3D holography, a simple method with low cost. In this dissertation, the theoretical analysis and the experiments for obtaining complete band gaps in the visible range using a low-refractive-index material are discussed, and some valuable results are proposed. The following works are included: Generally, the modulation of the refraction index of the holographic recording materials is not high enough. Thus some new methods should be developed to broaden the band gaps, which is helpful to achieve omnidirectional band gaps. Based on the advantage of the holography in constructing complex structures, a multi-structure with two-dimensional triangular structure was designed. Omnidirectional band gaps for TE wave in visible range had been achieved using dichromated gelatin (DCG) which is a kind of materials with low refractive index.Although band gaps can be broadened by means of multi-structures, complete band gaps (CBGs) in visible range had not yet been achieved, especially by using the materials with low refractive index. As the first step for achieving CBGs, it is important to obtain very wide band gaps. In this dissertation, we proposed a holographic method for fabricating triple-diamond structure by using materials with low refractive index, and the features of band gap in such a complex diamond structure were then studied experimentally. Through this method, very wide band gaps have been experimentally obtained. The width of the band gaps reached 260nm, the ratio between the width and the central wavelength of the gaps reached 50%. Also, a common gap was observed in a range of 150°of incident angle in （1 1 1） plane at all orientations. The common gap achieved using DCG with very low refractive index exists in a wide range which reaches 83% of the solid angle. Although a complete band gap for all directions has not yet been obtained in our experiments, it is significant to achieve such a wide angle band gap by using a material (DCG) with very low refractive index, because this angular tuning range can satisfy most applications in practice.A complete band gap in visible range is achieved by a self-simulating spherical photonic crystal fabricated using the materials with low refractive index. Theoretical analysis shows its feasibility. A holographic technique is developed to fabricate such a structure easily. A complete band gap with a width of 120nm is obtained actualy. Even though the light beam obliquely incidents on the photonic crystal with a incident angle of rather than passing through the center of the self-simulating spherical structure, a 30nm wide complete band gap can still be kept. Obtaining complete band gaps can use the commen holographicd recording material with low refractive index. So, this technique has large potential in application.It is also investigated that defect with any shape and size can be doped in holographic photonic crystals using low-power CW laser and lens. Using this method, it will be facility to achieve arbitrary point or line defects into large-size 1D-3D holographic lithography photonic crystals (HL PhC), and sub-micrometer defect can be achieved easily. This method has potential applications in large size masks.