中国农业生产经营现状的一大特点是农户的经营规模普遍偏小，这已经成为实现农业现代化和农民增收的主要障碍。实行农业适度规模经营是破解当前现状的重要政策，而农业适度规模经营的模式包括以土地流转为主要途径形成的土地适度规模经营以及通过农业生产流程中的服务外包形成的农业服务业规模经营。本文的研究目标是探究当前农业适度规模经营的最优区间，并结合不同的规模经营模式，分析如何实现农业生产效率的最优化。 具体的研究思路是：在当前宏观经济及政策背景下，结合已有的相关文献，构建理论框架研究农业适度规模经营的影响机制和生产效率的分析体系，然后从土地流转型和服务带动型两种适度规模经营模式入手，利用微观数据进行实证分析。通过生产效率最优化的目标，分别估计土地规模经营的最优适度区间，以及分析服务带动的促进作用。 为此，本文首先对农业适度规模经营的内涵和必要性、农业适度规模经营模式和实际效果的相关研究进行了全面系统的文献梳理，回答了农业适度规模经营的四个根本问题，即“是什么”“为什么”“怎么做”“怎么样”,并对农业生产效率的内涵和估计方法进行了介绍。通过对已有研究的简单评述，提炼出本文研究的意义和学术价值。其次，梳理了中国农业适度规模经营的发展历程与当前现状。将土地适度规模经营和农业服务带动型适度规模经营的历史进程分别分成不同阶段进行详细剖析，对于当前农业适度规模经营的具体形式以及各种形式之间的相互关系进行了讨论。 本文接下来构建了一个分析农业适度规模经营的理论框架。首先介绍关于农业适度规模经营分析的理论起源和基本假设；然后基于农业生产技术的特征建立农业规模经营分析的基准模型，并分析各种投入要素的优化组合关系；同时，借助基准模型进行农业规模经营的生产效率分析；最后依据中国农业生产的特点，对于农业适度规模经营与生产效率关系的机制进行讨论，分析影响农业规模经营的各种可能因素。 在理论分析的基础上，本文提出三个理论假说：（1）土地经营存在一个适度规模区间；（2）农户会通过参与土地流转的方式实现土地适度规模经营；（3）生产性服务业能够促进农业适度规模经营。为了检验这些假说，本文选取2012年中国家庭追踪调查（China Family Panel Studies, CFPS）的数据，利用随机前沿分析方法（Stochastic Frontier Approach）对农业经营规模与生产效率的关系进行实证分析。具体而言，对应于三个理论假说，实证分析包含三个部分： 第一，从农业产出、成本、利润三个研究视角出发，分别以各自效率最大化为目标函数，建立随机前沿产出分析模型、随机前沿成本分析模型和随机前沿利润分析模型，探究土地规模经营和农业生产效率的关系，估计农户土地适度规模经营的范围。结果表明：（1）农户经营土地规模和农业生产效率呈倒U型曲线关系，农业生产效率随土地经营规模的扩大先上升后下降。（2）农业生产目标不同土地适度规模经营的区间有所差异，从以产出最大化和以利润最大化为目标的农业生产效率最优来看，土地适度规模经营的区间是20~40亩；以成本最小化为目标的农业生产效率最优来看，土地适度规模经营的区间是120~200亩。 第二，构建土地流转的农户决策模型，分析土地流转对农业生产效率影响的传导机制。通过对比2010年和2012年CFPS中农户样本的土地流转情况，观察土地流转的发展趋势及其与土地产出率的简单联系，继而利用2012年CFPS的农户样本分别建立土地转入与转出的随机前沿分析模型，研究土地转入与转出分别对农业生产效率的影响，并在此基础上探索了土地流转后的适度规模经营范围。结果表明：土地转入对提高以土地产出率为产出目标的生产效率具有正向作用，但对以劳动生产率为产出目标的生产效率没有显著影响，土地转出可以同时有效提高两种生产效率。进一步研究表明，完成土地转入后，20~40亩是农户的适度规模经营范围，实现土地转出后的适度规模经营范围是10~20亩。 第三，基于溢出效应模型，分析了农业生产性服务业对农业生产效率的传导机制，理论模型表明：（1）进一步扩大农业生产性服务业的规模对农业生产效率具有正向的积极作用。（2）农业生产性服务业对农业生产效率具有一定的溢出效应，而农业专业化程度可以通过增加两者间的溢出效应，进而提高农业生产效率。利用2012年CFPS数据的随机前沿分析结果表明：农业生产性服务业的规模化与专业化可以提高农业生产效率，是实现我国农业适度规模经营的另一种有效方式。 最后，本文对以上不同层面分析得到适度规模经营结果的差异进行辨析，并结合当前中国农业适度规模经营存在的主要问题，提出如下政策建议：第一，积极鼓励各类农业经营主体实现适度规模经营。第二，充分实现普通小农户与现代农业发展的有机衔接。第三，政府应在尊重农民追求更高收益的前提下，借助于制度创新和市场的力量调节农户兼业化行为。第四，积极增加农业社会化服务的有效需求与供给。

A major feature of the current situation of agricultural production and management in China is that the scale of farmer households is generally small, which has become a major obstacle to the realization of agricultural modernization and increasing in farmers' income. The implementation of moderate scale operation of agriculture is an important policy to break the current status quo, while the mode of modest scale operation of agriculture includes the moderate scale operation of land formed by land transfer and the scale of agricultural service industry formed through service outsourcing in agricultural production processes. The research goal of this paper is to explore the optimal range of current moderate scale operation of agriculture, and combine different scale business models to analyze how to optimize the efficiency of agricultural production. The specific research ideas are: under the current macroeconomic and policy background, combined with the existing relevant literature, construct a theoretical framework to study the impact mechanism of agricultural moderate scale operation and the analysis system of production efficiency, and then transform from land transfer and service driven Start with a moderate scale business model and use micro data for empirical analysis. Through the goal of optimizing production efficiency, we estimate the optimal moderate range of land scale operation and analyze the promotion of service driven. To this end, this paper firstly comprehensively and systematically combs the research on the connotation and necessity of moderate scale operation of agriculture, the modest scale operation mode of agriculture and the actual effect, and answers the four fundamental problems of moderate scale operation of agriculture, namely “What is it?”, “why?”, “ How to do it ?”, “how about it?”. Besides, this paper introduces the connotation and estimation methods of agricultural production efficiency. Through the simple review of existing research, we extract the significance and academic value of this research. Secondly, this paper sorts out the development history and current status of moderate scale of agricultural scale operation in China. The historical process of moderate scale operation of land and moderate scale operation of agricultural services was divided into different stages for detailed analysis. Then, we discuss the specific forms of moderate scale operation of agriculture and the interrelationship between various forms. This paper then constructs a theoretical framework for analyzing moderate scale operations in agriculture. Firstly, it introduces the theoretical origin and basic assumptions of agricultural moderate scale operation analysis; then establishes the benchmark model of agricultural scale management analysis based on the characteristics of agricultural production technology, and analyzes the optimal combination relationship of various input factors; meanwhile, it uses the benchmark model to carry out agricultural scale. According to the characteristics of China's agricultural production, the mechanism of the relationship between moderate scale operation and production efficiency of agriculture is discussed, and various possible factors affecting the scale operation of agriculture are analyzed. On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper proposes three theoretical hypotheses. 1. There is a moderate scale interval for land management. 2. Farmers will realize moderate scale operation of land by participating in land transfer. 3. Productive service industry can promote moderate scale operation of agriculture. In order to test these hypotheses, this paper selects the data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2012, and uses the Stochastic Frontier Approach to empirically analyze the relationship between agricultural scale and production efficiency. Specifically, corresponding to the three theoretical hypotheses, the metrology analysis consists of three parts: First, from the three research perspectives of agricultural output, cost and profit, each with the maximization of their respective efficiency as the objective function, establish a stochastic frontier output analysis model, a stochastic frontier cost analysis model and a stochastic frontier profit analysis model to explore the relationship between land scale and agricultural production efficiency, and estimate the scope of moderate scale operation of farmer’s land. The results show that: 1. the farmer's land operation scale and agricultural production efficiency have an inverted U-shaped curve relationship, and the agricultural production efficiency increases first and then decreases with the expansion of land operation scale. 2. The agricultural production target differs from the range of moderately scale operation of different land. In terms of the optimal agricultural production efficiency with the goal of maximizing output and maximizing profit, the interval of moderately scale land operation is 20~40 mu; In view of the optimal agricultural production efficiency with the goal of minimizing the cost, the interval of moderately scale land operation is 120-200 mu. Second, construct a farmer household decision making model for land transfer, and analyze the transmission mechanism of land transfer impact on agricultural production efficiency. By comparing the land transfer situation of the farmer household samples in CFPS in 2010 and 2012, this paper observe the development trend of land transfer and its simple relationship with the land yield rate, and then use the 2012 CFPS farmer sample to establish stochastic frontier analysis model for land transfer. The stochastic frontier analysis model studies the impact of land transfer on agricultural production efficiency, and on this basis, explores the scope of moderate scale operation after land transfer. The results show that land transfer-in has a positive effect on improving production efficiency with land productivity as output target, but has no significant effect on production efficiency with labor productivity as output target. Land transfer-out can effectively improve both types productivity. Further research shows that after the completion of land transfer-in, 20~40 mu is the moderate scale operation scope of the farmers, and the moderate scale operation after realizing the land transfer-out is 10~20 mu. Thirdly, based on the spillover effect model, this paper analyzes the transmission mechanism of agricultural productive service industry to agricultural production efficiency. The theoretical model shows that: 1. further expanding the scale of agricultural productive service industry has a positive effect on agricultural production efficiency. 2. The agricultural productive service industry has a certain spillover effect on agricultural production efficiency, and the degree of agricultural specialization can increase the efficiency of agricultural production by increasing the spillover effect between the two. The results of stochastic frontier analysis using 2012 CFPS data show that the scale and specialization of agricultural productive services can improve agricultural production efficiency and is another effective way to achieve moderate scale operation of agriculture in China. Finally, this paper analyzes the differences between the above mentioned different levels of analysis and the results of moderate scale operation, and puts forward the following policy recommendations based on the main problems existing in moderate agricultural scale operation in China: First, actively encourage all types of agricultural management entities to achieve moderate scale operations. . Second, fully realize the organic connection between ordinary small farmers and modern agricultural development. Third, the government should, under the premise of respecting farmers' pursuit of higher returns, use institutional innovation and market power to regulate the peasant to business behavior. Fourth, actively increase the effective demand and supply of agricultural socialization services.