史论是指人们对客观历史所作的评论，主要以历史事件、历史人物及其他客观历史现象为评论对象。它不同于史评，即人们对史家、史书或某一种史学现象、史学思想所作的评论。本文在区分史论和史评的基础上，对魏晋南北朝时期史论作初步的研究，旨在挖掘其中包含的史学价值和理论意义，探讨魏晋南北朝时期史论发展的新面貌。全文分为绪论、正文七章和余论三个部分。绪论部分对史论进行了释义，总结了魏晋南北朝时期史论发展的几种形式，简要论述了本选题研究的对象、范围和意义，分析本选题研究的历史和现状，并对研究中存在的问题及重点、难点和创新点予以说明。第一章，总论魏晋南北朝时期的时代特点与史学及史论的发展。史学的发展总是离不开其所存在的时代，并与这个时代发生交互的影响。魏晋南北朝时期分裂、变动的时代特点，直接影响着这个时期的史学，从而出现了多途发展的趋势。史论作为这一时期史学的一个重要组成部分，也随之出现新的发展面貌。其具体的表现是形式多样、内容丰富，时代特征突出，南北发展异同。第二章，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论中关于“天人关系”问题的认识。魏晋南北朝时期关于“天人关系”的讨论，出现两种情况：一种是天命史观以新的形式，继续留在人们的思想中，并用来“说明”现实生活中的重大事变，尤其是用以附会朝代的更迭、盛衰变化。另一种是进一步坚持“天人相分”之说，并提出新的见解。虽然天命史观在这一时期同谶纬之说、宗教神学相结合，出现新的变化，但其影响却在继续消退，逐渐成为一种表述问题的习惯或传统，成了回忆和摆设。第三章，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论中关于“古今关系”问题的思考。魏晋南北朝时期关于“古今关系”认识，主要是社会历史变化思想的深入，其具体表现在：一是人们已肯定古今之联系，并自觉提出通过史书记载中的“古”来认识历史，着重强调史学的鉴戒功用，反映了人们对于史学认识的进一步发展；二是对于社会历史变化的思考已不限于对社会秩序的观察，而是涉及到社会生活的许多方面；三是对于古今变化开始有了辩证的理性认识。第四章，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论中对于民族与民族关系的探讨。这一时期是中国历史上民族关系最为活跃的时期，由于各民族间的矛盾斗争及民族政权之间战争、对峙的存在，导致徙戎之论和正统之争的产生。但是随着各民族的进一步融合，少数民族政权对中原历史文化的认同，各政权的民族统一意识的发展，使得历史文化认同观念成为这一时期民族观的主流。第五章，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论中门阀观念的影响和国家观念的变化。由于这一时期门阀士族在统治阶级中占领导地位，其思想观念成为居于统治地位的社会意识形态。门阀士族的命运并不与皇朝一家一姓的兴亡相联系，故而门阀士族在有关“忠”、“义”等儒家传统道德的评论上，并不严格而是主张随时进退，保家为重。同时，门阀士族提倡孝道，强调以父子关系为本的名教思想，形成亲先于君、孝先于忠的观念。门阀士族对于家族的重视，使得这一时期人们的国家观念相对薄弱，主要就一些具体的封建国家职能有所认识和概括，并未形成完备的、系统的认识。第六章，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论中对于朝代兴亡问题的探索。这一时期长期动荡不安的社会状况，促使人们从不同的方面来总结前代的兴亡成败之故，为现实提供借鉴。史家从政治制度、人才任使、民心、社会风气等各个方面对朝代兴亡问题进行了探讨和评论，其史论具有鲜明的理论色彩。第七章，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论中关于人物评价的理论和方法的拓展。这一时期的史论，受东汉以来品评人物的社会风气影响，再加上“九品官人法”的需要，在人物评价问题上有了更深入的的发展。史家除了以儒家传统的伦理道德标准评价人物外，还很关注人物的个性，喜欢评论人物的局量才识，并涉及到历史人物的局限性。余论部分，论述魏晋南北朝时期史论的史学价值和理论意义。在中国古代史学发展过程中，史论是一种重要的形式。魏晋南北朝时期史论在继承前代的基础上，又有新的发展，其中所包含历史理论对后世史学发展有多方面的影响。

Historical comment is people’s remark on the objective history, including historical events, historical personage and other objective historical phenomena. It is different from historical criticism, that is, people’s criticism of the historians, history books, some history phenomenon, or history thoughts. On the basis of the distinction between historical comment and criticism, this dissertation makes a preliminary study of the historical comments on Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, for the purpose of discovering the historical value and theoretical significance, and discussing the development of historical comments on Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It is divided into the introduction, seven chapters of the main part, and the afterthought.The introduction provides an explanation for historical comment, summarizes the several forms of historical comments during Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, indicates the subject, scope and significance of the topic, analyzes the researches on this topic and the current situation, and makes out the exiting problems, the difficult points and innovations of this study.Chapter One summarizes the characteristics of the times and the developments of historiography and historical comments on Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The development of historiography can not be separated from the times in which it exists and it interacts with the times. The division and change in Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties exert a direct influence on the development of historiography, resulting in a multi-way development. As an important part of historiography, historical comments also have a new development. This is typically reflected in its diverse forms, rich content, distinct characteristic of the times, and similarities and differences between the developments of Southern and Northern Dynasties.Chapter Two elaborates the historical comments about “the relationship between providence and people” in Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The discussion on it results in two kinds of situation: one is that the new forms of destiny history viewpoint continues to stay in people’s thought , and is used to “explain” the major incidents in real life, particularly used to make false analogies to the change of dynasties. The other is to insist on the humanism tradition, and put forward new ideas. Although the destiny history viewpoint is combined with Chenwei and religious theology, its influence has continued to abate, and gradually becomes a habit or tradition of interpretation, memories and ornaments.Chapter Three dissertates the historical comments about “the relationship between ancient and modern” in Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The thinking of the social and historical change is in depth: First, people have affirmed that relation of the ancient and modern, consciously understood history recorded in history books, emphasized the warning function of history. Second, the thinking of the social and history change has not been limited to the observation of the social order, but involves many aspects of social life. Third, people have begun to have the dialectical knowledge of “the relationship between ancient and modern”.Chapter Four discusses the historical comments about national and the ethnic relations in Wei,Jin, Sourthern and Northern Dynasties. The ethnic relations in Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are the most active in Chinese history. The inter-ethnic conflicts, struggle and war existing among all nationalities cause disruption on national resettlement and legitimate dynasticism. However, with the integration of all nationalities, the recognition of the Central Plains history and culture in minority regime, and the development of national unity consciousness, the historical and cultural identity become the major tendency of national and ethnic relations in the period.Chapter Five concentrates on the knowledge and discussions on the superior nobles and nation in the historical comments on Wei,Jin, Sourthern and Nourthern Dynasties. In this time, the superior nobles have occupied the leading positions. Their ideologies become the dominant social ideology, and affect society profoundly. The fate of the superior nobles is not related to the rise and fall of a dynasty, therefore they pay more attention to “loyalty” and “justice” and other traditional Confucian ethics, and advocate to protect the families. At the same time, the superior nobles promote filial piety and Mingjiao，stressing that father is before emperor and filial piety is before loyalty. The importance attached by powerful families to the value of family make people’s national identity relatively weak, mainly focusing on some specific feudal state function, and do not form a complete and systematic viewpoint.Chapter Six deals with discussions of dynasty rise and fall in the historical comments on Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the long-term social instability causes people to summarize the lessons of the previous dynasties and provide reference for the real world. Historical comments of this period discuss the issue of dynasty rise and fall from political systems, talents, people’s sentiment, social conventions and so on.Chapter Seven focuses on the evaluation of personalities in the historical comments on Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Because of the influence of evaluation of personalities and the requirements of the “Jiupinguanren law”, historians of this time commenting on people, not only pay attention to the traditional standards of Confucianism, but also to people’s individuality and historical limitations. This indicates the development of evaluation of personalities in theory and methods.The Afterthought states the position historical comments on Wei,Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties hold in history and the influence they exert on later studies of history.