社会适应是个体社会化的重要内容和基本途径，2-3岁幼儿即将面临生活环境的转变，极易出现社会适应问题，相关研究亟待丰富。本研究对北京市346名幼儿家长进行了问卷调查，并对135名幼儿及其家长进行了结构化观察，以了解2-3岁幼儿社会适应的发展特点及影响因素，研究结果表明： （1）2-3岁幼儿社会适应发展总体较好，各维度发展表现出不平衡性，三大维度中，自我适应得分最高，人际适应得分最低；六个子维度得分由高往低依次为：成人适应、自我表达、环境适应、社交规则与礼仪、自我引导、同伴适应。 （2）2-3岁幼儿社会适应发展可分为三种基本类型，分别是社会适应良好型、不良型和一般型，三类幼儿在社会适应总分及各维度得分差异显著，社会适应良好型幼儿占总人数的43.11%，不良型幼儿占27.25%，一般型幼儿占29.64%。 （3）儿童自身特征影响着幼儿社会适应的发展，二孩家庭幼儿社会适应发展好于独生子女，气质中努力控制、外向性与幼儿社会适应发展显著正相关，消极情绪与幼儿社会适应发展显著负相关。 （4）家庭因素影响着幼儿的社会适应，家庭社会经济地位越高，幼儿社会适应发展越好；家庭教养环境、祖-父辈共同养育与幼儿社会适应发展显著正相关；努力控制在家庭教养环境、祖-父辈共同养育与幼儿社会适应之间起完全中介作用。 （5）早期教育经历对幼儿社会适应有积极影响。 教育者应当重点关注2-3岁幼儿社会适应发展的薄弱环节，有针对性地支持引导不良型幼儿社会适应水平的提高，针对不同气质类型幼儿因材施教，创造良好的家庭教养环境，提高祖-父辈共同养育质量，多渠道满足2-3岁幼儿家庭教育的需求，特别是支持处境不利幼儿的早期教育服务，多方合作，共同促进幼儿社会适应的发展。

Social adaptation is an important content and basic approach of individual socialization. 2-3 years old Children are about to face changes in their living environment, therefore they are prone to suffer from social adaptation problems. Related research needs to be enriched. This study conducted a questionnaire survey of 346 parents in Beijing, and applied structured observation to 135 children and their parents in order to understand the development characteristics and influencing factors of social adaptation of 2-3 years old children. The results show that: (1) On the whole, the 2-3 years old children's social adaptation development is good, and the development of each dimension shows an imbalance. In the three dimensions of social adaptation, the self adaptation score is the highest, and the interpersonal adaptation score is the lowest; the six sub-dimensions from high to low in order is: adult adaptation, self expression, environmental adaptation, interaction rules, self guidance, and peer adaptation. (2) Social adaptive development of 2-3 year-olds can be divided into three basic types: adapt well, difficult and general. There are significant differences in scores of social adaptation among the three types of children, and the type of adapt well children accounted for 43.11% of the total number of children, difficult-type children accounted for 27.25%, and general-type children accounted for 29.64%. (3) Children's own characteristics affect the development of children's social adaptation. The social adaptation of two-child family children is better than that of only child. As for temperament, effortful control and extroversion are significantly positively related to the development of children's social adaptation. The negative emotion is negative related children's social adaptation develop significantly. (4) Family factors affect children's social adaptation. The higher the family's social and economic status, the better the children's social adaptation development, the family's parenting environment, the grandparents-parents co-parenting are significantly positively related with children's social adaptation development; Efforts control played a complete mediating role between the family's parenting environment, grandparents-parents co-parenting and the children's social adaptation. (5) Early education experience has a positive impact on the children's social adaptation. Based on the results of the study, we should focus on the weaknesses of 2-3 year-olds' social adaption development, support children's social adaptation by improving family parenting environment and the quality of grandparents-parents co-parenting. Educators should modify their way of education to suit the special requirements of each child's characteristic.