18世纪工业革命以来，科学技术的进步推动机器的产生与发展，并最终以机器体系的形式大规模参与到工厂生产中，成为了生产过程中的主力。马克思在研究和探讨资本主义生产过程时，特别关注到了机器及机器体系的应用和发展对人尤其是工人的影响，并在《1857-1858年经济学手稿》中将机器同人的关系即人机关系作为研究的重点之一。

马克思的人机关系思想主要有两方面内容，一方面从生产力进步、劳动时间和劳动强度、科学技术进步三个方面对机器的积极作用做出肯定。另一方面，不同于资产阶级经济学家试图掩盖机器作为固定资本对工人的剥削和压榨，马克思深刻揭露了资本主义生产过程中机器对人的影响，认为资本主义人机关系问题存在三大表征：一是从主客体的角度看，机器成为了生产过程的主体，而人成为了生产过程中的客体；二是从异化的角度来看，在主客体发生颠倒的基础上，机器进一步造成了人的异化；三是从排挤的角度来看，成为生产过程主体的机器导致了大规模的失业和相对过剩人口的产生。以上两方面内容充分体现了马克思的辩证法思想。从本质上看,人机关系是人与机器的关系，因此需厘清人是现实的人而非抽象的人，机器是作为固定资本的机器，人机关系的本质就是“死劳动支配活劳动”。

此外，还可以从理论、实践和价值目标三重向度来加深对《手稿》中马克思人机关系思想的认识和理解。理论上马克思从劳动价值论、资本统治和道德伦理三个维度进行批判，实践上从释放生产潜能、重视一般智力发展和工人阶级反抗斗争三个方面进行指导，目标上指明了机器的产生是人本质力量的确证，故此其发展和应用的最终旨归应是实现人的自由全面的发展。现下科学技术不断取得新成果，机器体系的发展也出现了新形式和新变化。超级计算机、人工智能、虚拟现实等技术迅猛发展，马克思虽然不能预测到智能机器的产生，但其人机关系思想同样能够观照智能机器时代的社会现实，启发我们要认清人机关系在生产过程、社会生活和人的精神世界呈现出的新变化和新特点，并从所有权视角看待人机关系问题，始终坚持“以人为本”的价值遵循，以法律形式明确机器应用的社会责任，促进智能机器与人在对象性关系中共同提升，最终实现人机共融。

Science and technology have advanced since the 18th century, when the Industrial Revolution began, encouraging the creation and advancement of machines. Eventually, these machines were used in large-scale factory production as machine systems, taking center stage in the manufacturing process. When Marx studied and discussed the capitalist production process, he paid special attention to the impact of the application and development of machines and machine systems on people, especially workers, and took the man-machine relationship, that is, the relationship between man and machine, as one of the focuses of his research in the “Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858”.

Marx's idea of man-machine relationship has two main contents: on the one hand, it affirms the positive role of machines from three aspects: the progress of productive forces, labor time and labor intensity, and scientific and technological progress. On the other hand, unlike bourgeois economists who tried to cover up the exploitation and exploitation of workers by machines as fixed capital, Marx profoundly exposed the influence of machines on people in the capitalist production process, and believed that there are three major manifestations of the problem of capitalist human-machine relations: first, from the perspective of subject and object, the machine has become the subject of the production process, and man has become the object in the production process; second, from the perspective of alienation, on the basis of the reversal of subject and object, the machine has further caused the alienation of man; and third, from the perspective of exclusion, the machine that has become the main body of the production process has led to large-scale unemployment and the generation of a relatively surplus population. The above two aspects fully embody Marx's dialectical thinking. In essence, man-machine relationship is the relationship between man and machine, so it is necessary to clarify that man is a real person rather than an abstract person, the machine is a machine as a fixed capital, and the essence of the man-machine relationship is "dead labor dominates living labor".

In addition, we can also deepen the knowledge and understanding of Marx's thought on man-machine relationship in the "Economic Manuscripts of 1857-1858" from the three dimensions of theory, practice and value goals. Theoretically, Marx criticized from the three dimensions of Labor Theory of Value, capital rule and morality, and in practice guided from three aspects: unleashing production potential, attaching importance to general intellectual development and the resistance and struggle of the working class. Although Marx could not predict the emergence of intelligent machines, his idea of man-machine relationship can also observe the social reality of the era of intelligent machines, and inspire us to recognize the new changes and new characteristics of man-machine relationship in the production process, social life and people's spiritual world, and insist on looking at the problem of man-machine relationship from the perspective of ownership, and always adhere to the " The value of "people-oriented" is followed, and the social responsibility of machine application is clarified in the form of law, so as to promote the common improvement of intelligent machines and people in the object relationship, and finally realize the integration of man and machine.