研究目的：通过观察健康大学生在不同体力活动中认知能力、心肺健康、能量代谢与主观情绪的变化，探讨运动负荷在大学生健康促进中的生理效应特征及机制，分析主/客观因素在负荷量化中的相关性及信效度，为大学生体质健康促进工作与运动训练的科学化发展提供参考方案与理论依据。

研究方法：选取33名健康大学生为受试者，在不同时间对其分别实施4次不同负荷运动干预，运动类型包括轻度身体活动（LPA）、中度身体活动（MPA）、剧烈有氧运动（VAE）与高强度间歇运动（HIIT）。在运动前后通过任务范式分别测试受试者的抑制功能、记忆功能、注意力与认知灵活性，并在运动全程对其生理指标的连续性变化进行实时监测，采集指标包括：脑电信号(EEG)、实时心率(HR)、呼吸量度（潮气量(TV)、呼吸频率(RR)、每分通气量(VE)）、呼吸代谢（呼气O2比例(O2%)、呼气CO2比例(CO2%)、氧气消耗量(VO2、二氧化碳生成量(VCO2)、呼吸商(RQ)）、能量代谢（能量代谢率(EMR)、能量消耗总量(EC)、代谢当量(METs)）、主观感受（主观用力等级(RPE)、运动享受感(FS)）。

研究结果：（1）认知功能结果显示，运动提升了大学生记忆力与认知灵活性任务的得分，缩短了反应时（p＜0.05），其中HIIT效果最为显著（p＜0.01）。同时运动增加了EEG全波段Power值（p＜0.01），α波在LPA、VAE与HIIT后增幅最大（p＜0.01），β波在HIIT后增幅最大（p＜0.05）；（2）心肺代谢量度显示，负荷强度与HR、TV、RR、VE呈正比。亚组分析显示，除平均心率（HRmean）与TV外，HIIT所有指标均高于VAE（p＜0.05）。在HIIT不同阶段对比上，冲刺阶段所有心肺指标均高于间歇阶段（p＜0.05）；（3）呼吸代谢结果显示，负荷强度与O2%、VCO2、VO2和RQ呈正比，与CO2%呈反比。亚组分析表明，除RQ外，VAE所有呼吸代谢指标均高于HIIT（p＜0.05）。（4）能量代谢结果显示，EMR和METs与负荷强度呈正比，可能由于LPA/MPA与VAE/HIIT的干预时间不同，导致了EC大小关系为：HIIT＞MPA＞VAE＞LPA。同时HR、VE与EMR三者均呈高度相关（r＞0.6），但HR—EMR（r=0.799，p<0.001）相关性高于VE—EMR（r=0.655，p=0.002）；（5）训练冲量结果显示，负荷强度与TRIMP、RPE和s-RPE呈正比，与FS呈反比。其中TRIMP结果显示VAE＞HIIT（p＜0.01），而s-RPE则与之相反。相关性结果显示，在LPA、VAE与HIIT中TRIMP与s-RPE所得结果的一致度相似（r＞0.6），在MPA中相关性最高（r=0.933，p<0.001），在HIIT中相关性最低（r=0.698，p<0.001）。

研究结论：（1）在提升工作记忆与认知灵活性上，HIIT效果优于其他运动；（2）MPA/VAE/HIIT均可增强心肺功能，但HIIT/VAE节省了锻炼时间；（3）HIIT介导了最高水平的能量代谢效率，是最佳的燃脂方式；（4）运动负荷与运动享受感呈反比，因此LPA/MPA更适合运动兴趣与锻炼习惯的培养；（5）TRIMP与s-RPE在LPA/MPA/VAE中的负荷结果一致度较高，但在HIIT中s-RPE的信效度更高。

Objective: This study aims to explore the impact of exercise load on physiological changes in college students by implementing four different exercise programs with varying loads. Physiological and psychological indicators were collected, processed and analyzed to observe the performance characteristics of college students in cognitive ability, cardiorespiratory health, energy metabolism and subjective emotions under different exercise loads. The study also attempts to discuss the differences in the impact of exercise load on physiological changes and the correlation and reliability of different factors in quantifying exercise load from a physiological mechanism perspective. This study aims to provide an effective exercise program for the health promotion of college students and to provide a relevant basis for the scientific development of exercise training theory.

Methods: Thirty-three healthy university students were selected and subjected to four different exercise interventions at different times, including LPA, MPA, VAE and HIIT. The subjects' inhibition, memory function, attention and cognitive flexibility were tested by task paradigm before and after exercise, and their physiological indexes were monitored in real time during the exercise, including: electroencephalography (EEG), real-time heart rate (HR), respiratory measures (tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR), ventilation per minute (VE)), respiratory metabolism (expiratory O2 ratio ( O2%), exhaled CO2 ratio (CO2%), oxygen consumption (VO2, carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory quotient (RQ)), energy metabolism (energy metabolic rate (EMR), total energy expenditure (EC), metabolic equivalents (METs)), and subjective perception (subjective exertion rating (RPE), sense of exercise enjoyment (FS)).

Results: (1) Exercise significantly improved scores and shortened reaction times on memory and cognitive flexibility tasks (all of p < 0.05), with HIIT having the most significant effect (p < 0.01). Exercise also increased EEG power values in all waves (all of p < 0.01), with alpha waves increasing the most after LPA, VAE and HIIT (all of p < 0.01) and beta waves increasing the most after HIIT (p < 0.05); (2) The time domain characteristics of HR, TV and respiratory flow rate under different loads were significant, with exercise load showing a significant correlation with maximum heart rate ( HRmax) and RR were positively proportional, but the mean heart rate (HRmean), TV and VE were higher in HIIT than in VAE during high-intensity exercise (all of p < 0.05), while in the subgroup comparison of HIIT sprint/interval phase, HRmean/HRmax/HRmin, TV, RR and VE were higher in the sprint phase than in the interval phase (all of p < 0.05); (3) in respiratory metabolism, exercise load was positively proportional to O2%, VCO2, VO2 and RQ and inversely proportional to CO2%, with higher O2%, CO2%, VCO2 and VO2 in VAE than in HIIT (all of p < 0.05). In terms of energy metabolism, EMR and METs were positively correlated with exercise load, probably due to the different intervention times for LPA/MPA versus VAE/HIIT, resulting in an EC size relationship of HIIT > MPA > VAE > LPA. meanwhile, HR, VE and EMR showed high correlation (all of r > 0.6), but HR-EMR (r= 0.799, p<0.001) showed a higher correlation than VE-EMR (r=0.655, p=0.002). (4) Exercise load was positively correlated with TRIMP, RPE and s-RPE and inversely correlated with FS. The TRIMP results showed VAE > HIIT (p < 0.01), while s-RPE was the opposite. The correlation results showed similar agreement between TRIMP and s-RPE in calculating the load on LPA, VAE and HIIT (all of r>0.6), with the highest correlation in MPA (r=0.933, p<0.001) and the lowest correlation in HIIT (r=0.698, p<0.001).

Conclusions: (1) HIIT may be superior to others in enhancing short-term memory and cognitive flexibility; (2) MPA/VAE/HIIT both achieve cardiorespiratory health promotion, but HIIT/VAE saves exercise time; (3) HIIT mediates the highest level of energy metabolic efficiency in the body and is therefore the best way to burn fat; (4) Exercise load is inversely related to perception of exercise enjoyment is inversely proportional, so LPA/MPA is more suitable for the development of exercise interest and exercise habits; (5) TRIMP and s-RPE are more consistent in responding to the load of LPA/MPA/VAE, but the reliability of s-RPE is higher in HIIT.