研究目的：（1）采用GIS技术，研究我国3-6岁幼儿身体形态发展状况的基础上，探析我国3-6岁幼儿身体形态的地理空间分布特征。（2）利用SPSS，研究年平均相对湿度、年平均气温、年平均降水量、纬度等自然环境因素与幼儿身体形态具体指标的相关性。（3）综合以上两点得到的幼儿身体形态地域特征结果，为有针对性的在幼儿群体中开展健康教育、体育锻炼等改善身体形态的活动提供决策依据。

研究方法：本研究主要应用文献资料法、GIS及其空间分析法、数理统计法等方法，分析研究我国3-6岁幼儿2022年身高、体重、BMI、胸围、肩宽、克托莱指数等身体形态指标的南北差异、地域特征、空间关联情况、冷热点分布情况以及与自然环境因素的相关性等。

研究结果：

（1）幼儿身体形态总体特征

第一，变化趋势明显。（1）长度（身高、坐高）、围度（头围、胸围）、宽度（肩宽、骨盆宽）、充实度（体重、BMI）指标以及克托莱指数均随着年龄的增长而以不同幅度增长；（2）肩宽指数与胸围指数均随着年龄的增长逐渐降低。

第二，区域差异显著。（1）男幼儿除围度指标和维尔维克指数以外其余身体形态指标均存在显著的南北差异（p<0.01）；（2）女幼儿除维尔维克指数以外其余身体形态指标均存在显著的南北差异（p<0.05，p<0.01）；（3）男、女幼儿长度、充实度指标和克托莱指数均呈现出由西南到东北逐渐升高，由北向南逐渐降低的特征。男、女幼儿胸围、宽度指标、胸围指数、肩宽指数均呈现出西南部、东部较大，西北部、中部较小的特征。

第三，性别差异明显。从我国3-6幼儿身体形态指标各均值来看，除肩宽指数以外，研究的每一年龄段女幼儿长度、宽度、围度、充实度、派生指标均值都低于男幼儿，呈现性别差异。

（2）幼儿身体形态空间关联特征

研究的12个身体形态指标中，仅有体重和克托莱指数标准化结果Z值均大于1.65，表明3-6岁幼儿体重和克托莱指数在全国范围内具有较好的空间结构性，存在明显的空间正相关（即高高值相邻、低低值相邻），即体重和克托莱指数高的地区与体重和克托莱指数高的地区分别在空间上呈现一定的集聚现象。我国3-6岁幼儿其余身体形态指标在省域层面上呈随机分布状态，发展水平好的省域与发展差的省域随机分布在全国地图上没有发现集聚状态。

（3）幼儿身体形态空间冷热点分布特征

我国3-6岁幼儿体重地域分布呈现北高南低的特点，整体由西南向东北增高，且高值与低值分别呈集聚性分布。体重指标热点区域为内蒙古、黑龙江、甘肃、山西、河北、江苏、山东，主要集中在华北地区，呈片状分布；次热点区域为吉林、北京、天津、上海、浙江、河南；次冷点区域为新疆、西藏、四川、重庆、湖北、福建，主要集中在西南地区，呈条带状分布；冷点区域为云南、贵州、湖南、广西、江西、广东，主要集中在中南地区和西南地区，呈团块状分布。

我国3-6岁幼儿克托莱指数地域分布仍呈现北高南低的特点，整体由西南向东北增高，且高值与低值分别呈集聚性分布。克托莱指数热点区域为内蒙古、黑龙江、山西、河北、江苏、山东，主要集中在华北地区，呈片状分布；次热点区域为吉林、北京、天津、上海、浙江、河南、甘肃；次冷点区域为新疆、云南、浙江、重庆、湖北；冷点区域为贵州、湖南、广西、江西、广东，主要集中在中南地区和西南地区，呈团块状分布。

（4）幼儿身体形态的自然环境归因

总体来看，在众多自然环境因素中，影响幼儿身体形态的三个重要因素为年平均相对湿度、年平均气温和纬度。且仅有纬度这一因素同时与男女幼儿体重和克托莱指数呈现显著正相关关系，均呈中度正相关，说明在一定范围内，纬度越高，幼儿体重和克托莱指数越大。

年日照时数与男幼儿肩宽存在显著正相关关系，相关系数为0.433；年平均相对湿度与女幼儿肩宽指数、胸围指数存在显著正相关关系，相关系数分别为0.39与0.43；年平均气温与女幼儿体重存在显著负相关关系，相关系数为-0.392；年平均气温与男幼儿BMI和克托莱指数存在显著负相关关系，相关系数分别为-0.389与-0.391；纬度与男幼儿体重、BMI、克托莱指数存在显著正相关关系，相关系数分别为0.552、0.569、0.587；纬度与女幼儿身高、体重、克托莱指数存在显著正相关关系，相关系数分别为0.505、0.518、0.374。

研究结论：

1、我国南北方3-6岁男女幼儿身体形态多项指标存在显著差异。研究的12个身体形态指标中，男幼儿除头围、胸围、维尔维克指数以外其余身体形态指标均存在非常显著的南北差异（p<0.01）；女幼儿除维尔维克指数以外其余身体形态指标均存在显著的南北差异（p<0.05，p<0.01）

2、我国东中西部3-6岁男女幼儿身体形态多项指标存在显著差异。研究的12个身体形态指标中，男幼儿除骨盆宽以外其余身体形态指标均存在显著的东部、西部差异，男幼儿所有身体形态指标均存在显著的中部、西部差异；女幼儿除头围、坐高以外其余身体形态指标均存在显著的东部、西部差异，女幼儿除身高、头围、骨盆宽以外其余身体形态指标均存在显著的中部、西部差异。

3、我国六大区划3-6岁男女幼儿身体形态指标存在显著地域分布特征。男、女幼儿长度、充实度指标和克托莱指数均呈现出由西南到东北逐渐升高，由北向南逐渐降低的特征。男、女幼儿宽度指标、胸围、胸围指数、肩宽指数均呈现出西南部、东部较大，西北部、中部较小的特征。

4、空间关联分析显示，研究的12个身体形态指标中，体重和克托莱指数存在明显的空间正相关（即高高值相邻、低低值相邻），在全国范围内具有较好的空间结构性。

5、空间冷热点分析显示，我国3-6岁幼儿体重和克托莱指数地域分布呈现北高南低的特点，整体由西南向东北增高，且高值与低值分别呈集聚性分布，热点（高值）集中在华北、东北，冷点（低值）集中在中南、西南。

6、在众多自然环境因素中，影响幼儿身体形态的三个重要因素为年平均相对湿度、年平均气温和纬度。纬度与男女幼儿体重和克托莱指数均呈现显著正相关关系，呈中度相关性。

关键词：GIS，幼儿，身体形态，地域特征，自然环境因素。

The purpose of this study is: (1) to explore the geographical spatial distribution characteristics of children's body shape at the age of 3-6 in China based on the study of body shape development of children at the age of 3-6 in China by using GIS technology, strengthen the regional scientific research on body shape of children, and provide suggestions for relevant departments to formulate standards for regional differences in body shape of children. (2) SPSS was used to study the correlation between the annual mean relative humidity, annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation, latitude and other natural environmental factors and the specific indicators of children's body shape, so as to understand the main natural environmental factors of children's body shape differences in different regions. (3) The results of regional characteristics of children's body shape obtained from the above two points provide decision-making basis for carrying out targeted activities such as health education and physical exercise to improve body shape among children.
Research methods: This research mainly applies the methods of literature, GIS and its spatial analysis, mathematical statistics, etc. To analyze and study the north-south differences, regional characteristics, spatial correlation, distribution of hot and cold spots, and correlation with natural environmental factors of body shape indicators such as height, weight, BMI, chest circumference, shoulder width and Quetelet index of children aged 3-6 in China in 2022.
The research results:
(1) Overall characteristics of children's body shape
First, the trend is clear. (1) The length, circumference, width, enrichment index and Quetelet index of the study showed an aging trend. That is, with the increase of age, the values of the above indicators all increase with the increase of age in different amplitude; (2) Shoulder width index and chest circumference index decreased gradually with the increase of age.
Second, there are significant regional differences. (1) There were significant differences between the north and south of male infants except circumference index and Ververck index (p<0.01); (2) There were significant differences between the north and south in the body shape indexes of female infants except Ververck index (p<0.05, p<0.01); (3) The length, fullness index and Quetelet index of male and female infants gradually increased from southwest to northeast, and gradually decreased from north to south. The chest circumference, width index, chest circumference index and shoulder width index of male and female infants were larger in southwest and east, but smaller in northwest and middle.
Third, the gender difference is obvious. From the perspective of the average values of 3-6 infant body shape indexes in China, except the shoulder width index, the average values of length, width, circumference, fullness and derivative indexes of female infants in every age group studied were lower than those of male infants, showing gender differences.
(2) Spatial correlation characteristics of children's body form
Among the 12 body shape indicators in the study, only the Z-values of the standardized results of body weight and Quetelet index were greater than 1.65, indicating that the weight and Quetelet index of children aged 3-6 have a good spatial structure in the country, and there is an obvious spatial positive correlation (that is, the high values are adjacent, and the low values are adjacent). That is, the regions with high body weight and Quetelet index and the regions with high body weight and Quetelet index respectively show a certain clustering phenomenon in space. Other body shape indicators of 3-6 year old children in China are randomly distributed at the provincial level, and provinces with good development level and provinces with poor development level are randomly distributed in the national map without agglomeration.
(3) Children's body form space cold hot spots
The regional weight distribution of 3-6 year old children in China is higher in the north and lower in the south, increasing from southwest to northeast, and the high and low values are concentrated distribution respectively. The hot areas of body weight index are Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu and Shandong, mainly concentrated in North China, and the distribution is patchy. The sub-hotspots are Jilin, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Henan. The sub-cold spots are located in Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei and Fujian, mainly concentrated in the southwest of China. The cold spot areas are Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Guangdong, mainly concentrated in the central and southwest regions and distributed in clumps.
The regional distribution of the Quetelet index of 3-6 years old children in China is still high in the north and low in the south, and the overall increase from southwest to northeast, and the high and low values are clustered distribution respectively. The hot spots of Quetelet index are Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu and Shandong, mainly concentrated in North China and distributed in sheets. The sub-hotspots are Jilin, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Henan and Gansu. The sub-cold spots are in Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Chongqing and Hubei. The cold spot areas are Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Guangdong, mainly concentrated in the central and southwest regions and distributed in clumps.
(4) Natural environmental attribution of children's body form
In general, among the many natural environmental factors, the three important factors affecting the body shape of children are the annual average relative humidity, the annual average temperature and latitude. In addition, latitude was the only factor that showed significant positive correlation with both male and female infant weight and Quetelet index, and both showed moderate positive correlation, indicating that within a certain range, the higher the latitude, the greater the child weight and Quetelet index.
There was a significant positive correlation between the annual sunshine hours and the shoulder width of male infants, and the correlation coefficient was 0.433. There was a significant positive correlation between the annual average relative humidity and the shoulder width index and chest circumference index of female infants, the correlation coefficients were 0.39 and 0.43, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between annual mean temperature and body weight of female infants, and the correlation coefficient was -0.392. There was a significant negative correlation between annual mean temperature and BMI and Quetelet index of male infants, and the correlation coefficients were -0.389 and -0.391, respectively. Latitude was positively correlated with body weight, BMI and Quetelet index of male infants, and the correlation coefficients were 0.552, 0.569 and 0.587, respectively. There was significant positive correlation between latitude and height, weight and Quetelet index, and the correlation coefficients were 0.505, 0.518 and 0.374, respectively.
Research conclusion:
1. There are significant differences in many indicators of body shape between male and female children aged 3-6 in the north and south of China. Among the 12 body shape indexes studied, there were significant differences between the north and south of male infants except head circumference, chest circumference and Ververck index (p<0.01). There were significant differences between the north and the south in all body shape indexes of female infants except Ververck index (p<0.05, p<0.01).
2. There are significant differences in many indicators of body shape of male and female children aged 3-6 in eastern, central and western China. Among the 12 body shape indicators studied, there were significant differences in the eastern and western parts of male infants except for pelvic width, and there were significant differences in the central and western parts of male infants. There were significant differences between eastern and western parts of female infants except head circumference and sitting height. There were significant differences between central and western parts of female infants except height, head circumference and pelvic width.
3. There are significant geographical distribution characteristics of body shape indicators of male and female children aged 3-6 in the six major divisions of China. The length, fullness index and Quetelet index of male and female infants gradually increased from southwest to northeast, and gradually decreased from north to south. The width index, chest circumference, chest circumference index and shoulder width index of male and female infants were larger in southwest and east, but smaller in northwest and middle.
4. Spatial correlation analysis showed that among the 12 body shape indicators studied, body weight and Quetelet index had a significant spatial positive correlation (that is, the high value is adjacent, the low value is adjacent), and had a good spatial structure across the country.
5. The spatial cold and hot spot analysis shows that the regional distribution of weight and Quetelet index of 3-6 year old children in China presents the characteristics of high in the north and low in the south, and the overall increase from southwest to northeast, and the high and low values are clustered distribution, respectively. The hot spot (high value) is concentrated in North China and Northeast China, and the cold point (low value) is concentrated in central and southwest China.
6, among the many natural environmental factors, the three important factors affecting the body shape of children are the annual average relative humidity, the annual average temperature and latitude. Latitude showed a significant positive correlation with both male and female infant weight and Quetelet index, showing a moderate correlation.

KEY WORDS: GIS, young children, body shape, regional characteristics, natural environmental factors.