北京，一座举世闻名的历史文化古都，一座逐步现代化和国际化的大都市。新中国成立以来，北京的城市建设经历了60多年的发展历程。其中新中国之初和计划经济时期是北京城建历史上特色鲜明、意义重大的一段时期。其中，本文所讲的新中国之初是指1949年到1952年这段历史，又称为国民经济恢复时期；所指的计划经济时期则从1953年开始，到党的十一届三中全会召开结束。之所以将计划经济时期界定这个时间范围内，是因为党的十一届三中全会之前我们国家所实行的是传统意义上的比较纯粹的计划经济体制。虽然三中全会以后，在向市场经济逐步过渡的进程中，仍然存在一定程度上的计划经济体制，但与三中全会之前所实行的单一的高度集中的计划经济体制已有很大不同。新中国之初和计划经济时期的各项市政建设是北京城市发展的前提和基础，奠定了其作为社会主义大国首都所必须具备的规模和基本设施，是北京城建史上不可割断的重要时期。总结这段时期的经验教训，对于我们更好地认识改革开放以来北京城市建设的方方面面，对于更好地规划未来北京城市的建设发展都有着强烈的现实意义。本文选取建国之初与计划经济时期这一历史阶段，回顾了在党中央和国务院的直接决策下，北京城市建设中所发生的一系列重要事件，总结了北京城建发展的特点。 文章前言部分将简要介绍学术界关于北京城市规划与建设问题的研究成果，并以此论证本文从政治决策的角度立题的重要意义。正文第一部分主要阐释在元、明、清时期北京作为封建帝都的布局特点和城市经济职能薄弱的原因以及建国前夕北京城市发展的基本状况，包括城市规模、城市布局、工商业发展水平、文化教育资源、市政公用设施、古代建筑、社会生活等方面。通过分析，阐明虽然近代以来城市地位逐渐衰落，但北京依然具备了成为新中国首都的优势和基础。正文第二部分回顾了国民经济恢复时期党和政府在北京城市建设中采取的主要政策：政治方面，中央机关暂住北平原有房屋建筑；经济方面，中心任务是恢复和发展生产，并逐步修复市政基础设施；文化方面，注重对北京重要的古文物建筑的保护。正文第三部分将从政治、经济、文化三个方面详细阐述计划经济时期党和政府就北京城市建设所实施的重大方针政策以及取得的重要成果。政治上主要阐述首都行政中心确立在旧城、中央办公设施“一个中心、多点分散”的布局，该时期国家在北京实施的重大工程，如国庆十周年工程、使馆区的建设以及中央特殊工程等。经济上主要阐述为工业化服务的城市建设原则以及商业设施、交通基础设施和水利设施的建设。其中，交通设施的建设又从市区道路宽度、地下铁道、首都机场建设等重要问题来考察。文化上主要阐释历史文化名城的保护和教育科研设施的建设问题。正文第四部分将梳理和总结该时期内北京城市建设中存在的突出问题，主要包括部分单位占用古建筑、行政中心设在旧城、布局分散、过度发展工业、商业和住宅设施建设不足以及古建筑拆除等所造成的一系列问题。本文第五部分将简要陈述作者对于新中国之初与计划经济时期北京城市建设的一点理论思考，包括城建取得的成就以及发生一系列问题的主要原因，如财力、体制、工业化、对现代化城市的认识以及对待传统文化的态度等。认真地总结和反思这些问题，对于我们进一步搞好当前北京城市规划和建设有着重要的现实意义。

Beijing, a world-famous historical and cultural ancient capital, a gradually modern and international metropolis. Since new China was founded, the Beijing urban construction has experienced more than 60 years. Among them the beginning of the new China and planned economy period is a distinctive and significant period. The beginning of the new China refers to 1949 to 1952, also known as the national economic recovery period. The planned economy period is from 1953 to the third plenary session. The planned economy period will define this time range, because before the third plenary session our country carries out the traditional and pure planned economic system. Although after the third plenary session, in the process of transition to a market economy, our country still exist planned economy system, but it is different from the single and highly centralized planned economic system. The beginning of the new China and planned economy period is premise and foundation period for the construction of Beijing, established the city scale and basic facilities the socialist country capital must have. It is a so important period in the Beijing urban construction history. Summarize the experience of this period, for we know better every aspect of the city construction since the reform and opening up, for the future construction of Beijing city, has a strong practical significance. This paper selects the early days of the republic and the planned economy period, and reviews that under the central committee and the state council decisions directly, a series of important events happened in the process of the Beijing urban construction, summarizes the characteristics of the development of the Beijing urban construction. The preface will briefly introduce the research results on the Beijing urban planning and construction, proving the important meaning of the subject. The first part of the paper explain in Yuan, Ming and Qing period the characteristics of Beijing urban layout, the reasons of urban economic function weak, and the basic urban status of Beijing before the founding of the new china, including city scale, the urban layout, commercial and industrial development level, culture education resources, municipal utilities, ancient architecture, social life and so on. Through the analysis, the paper clarifies that although city status has declined, but Beijing still has the advantage and foundation for becoming the new China's capital. The second part of the paper reviews that, in the national economic recovery period (1949 to 1952),the party and the government adopted the main policy in Beijing city construction: politics aspects, the central authority moved in to the original housing construction; economic aspect, the central task is to restore and the develop the production, and gradually repair municipal infrastructure; culture aspects, pay attention to the protection of Beijing important ancient cultural relics architecture. The third part will explain the major principles about Beijing urban construction from the political, economic, cultural three aspects that the party and government carried out in the planned economy and important achievements. Political aspects, mainly expounds the administrative center in the old city, and the establishment of the office facilities of "one center, more decentralized" distribution pattern, this period our country building major projects in Beijing, such as National Day 10 anniversary engineering, the embassy construction as well as the central special engineering, etc. Economic aspects, mainly expounds servicing industrialization as city construction principle and business facilities, transportation infrastructure and the construction of water conservancy facilities. Among them, the traffic facilities will investigate from the urban road width, underground railway, the capital airport construction and other important issues. Culture aspects, mainly explain the historical and cultural city protection and education scientific research facilities. The fourth part will review and summarize the problems in Beijing city construction during the period, including the ancient buildings occupied, the administrative centre in the old city, scattered layout, excessive development industrial, commercial and residential construction of facilities and buildings insufficient. The fifth part will briefly state theory thinking about Beijing urban construction during the beginning of the new China and planned economy period, including the achievements of the urban construction and the main reason on a series of problems, such as financial, system, industrialization, the understanding about the modern city the understanding of the traditional culture. Carefully reviewed and reflect on these problems has important practical significance for we further improve the current Beijing urban planning and construction.