儿童性剥削是世界各国普遍面临的社会问题，近年来我国针对儿童的性剥削犯罪也进入公众视野，儿童性侵犯事件频发凸显了问题的紧迫性和严重性。然而，我国学界对儿童性剥削仍无明确界定，研究缺乏系统性；刑法对此规定也存在诸多不足，造成实务操作中的矛盾和困惑。为解决上述问题，加强我国刑法对儿童权利的保护，本文对儿童性剥削问题的刑法规制进行探讨，主要分为以下五大部分。第一部分主要解决对“儿童性剥削”的界定问题。首先通过梳理剥削理论的发展，表明“剥削”一词的内涵不再局限于阶级社会的劳动生产领域，而被泛化地用于阐释社会不平等现象。其次通过分析国际法对儿童性剥削规定的沿革，阐明法学领域儿童性剥削含义的变化。最后提出从目的行为和手段行为两方面判断对儿童的性侵犯是否具有剥削性，明确儿童性剥削的内涵和外延。第二部分探讨了性权利观念和儿童权利观念对儿童性剥削的刑法规制产生的影响。性权利观念中的“积极性权”制约刑事法网扩张，减少公权力对个人生活的不当干涉，而“消极性权”则构成了刑法规制性犯罪的基础，即刑法对性的规制立足于对性自主权的保护。同时，儿童权利观念将儿童视为独立于成人的社会主体，应关注儿童身心发展的特殊性，实现对儿童权利保护的最大化。对儿童性剥削的规制，应当将儿童发展权作为刑法应予保护的特殊法益，平衡刑法谦抑原则和儿童利益最大化原则，对犯罪圈作出合理划定。第三部分以儿童色情为例，探讨西方社会对儿童性剥削的刑法规制。西方法治发达国家在保护儿童方面高度重视，在法律和制度方面都建立起较完备的体系。但是近年来，对儿童保护的加强也使得立法在规制儿童色情方面呈现出日益严苛的趋势，造成刑法扩张，甚至出现对“道德刑法”的复归。在我国规制儿童性剥削的立法中，应当借鉴其重视儿童权利保护的积极举措，与此同时也反思刑法规制的限度，避免过犹不及。第四部分立足我国刑法分则的具体规定，分析在儿童性剥削规制方面存在的问题。我国刑法一方面未确立性权利观念，打击性剥削犯罪偏重维护社会风化，造成规制对象存在偏差；另一方面未确立儿童权利观念，将对儿童性权利的保护置于对妇女权利的保护之下，忽视儿童身心发展的特殊性，同时对男童和已满十四周岁的未成年人群体保护严重不足。第五部分针对问题，从立法理念和具体设计两方面提出解决对策。在整体上，调整篇章结构，扩大对儿童的保护范围，细化性承诺年龄。在具体罪名设置上，通过增设“利用特殊关系性侵犯儿童罪”“利用儿童制作色情制品罪” 等罪名，弥补我国刑法对性滥用、儿童色情规制上的空白；通过调整原有罪名，将以儿童为被害人的性犯罪独立出来，设立“性侵犯儿童罪”“强迫儿童卖淫罪”等，并调整拐卖妇女、儿童罪的规定，完善对儿童卖淫、以性为目的的儿童买卖的规制。

Sexual exploitation of children is a social problem worldly faced by various states. Recent years witness a dramatic increase of child sexual abuse in China, which has seriously threatened Chinese children both physically and psychologically. But there is not a widely accepted definition of “child sexual exploitation” in Chinese academic circle, which makes it difficult to study and discuss this phenomenon systematically. And there is too much defection in the criminal law to combat it. This paper constitutes five parts, and the main contents of each part are as follows:The first part is focused on the connotation and extension of child sexual exploitation. Firstly, the meaning of “exploitation” is substantially changed with the development of exploitation theory. It is no longer constricted in the area of labor production and class society, and wildly used to express the inequality in all societies. Secondly, the meaning of “child sexual exploitation” is also changed in the articles of international law, and the tread of changes is largely in pace with the development of exploitation theory. Thirdly, the definition of “child sexual exploitation” is made on the base of the exploitation theory and the articles of international law. The second part explores the influence on the criminal law generated by the sexual right and the child right. The active sexual right has made it clear that the government should not interfere with private life, while the passive sexual right makes the foundation of the criminal law in sexual crimes. It means the criminal law can be used to punish sex only when it happened in the violation of others’ right. The child right requires adults to treat children as independent social entities, and more considerations should be made for the sake of their development. It is of importance to making a balance between the rights of sex and the protection of children when the criminal law of child sexual exploitation is made.The third part explores the criminal laws in western countries in the case of child pornography. The western countries have established relatively mature legal system and polities against child sexual exploitation. But recent years the criminal law has been increasingly strict to protect children, especially in the case of child pornography, and has inappropriately posed a threat to the private life. To establish Chinese criminal law against child sexual exploitation, the constructive measures and experience should be learned from these countries, but in the meantime attention should also be paid to the constriction of criminal law and the power of punishment.The forth part exposes the problems existing in Chinese criminal law against child sexual exploitation. For one thing, the sexual right has not been established. The criminal law against sex crimes is set more for social policies than for the protection of sexual right. For another, the child right has not been properly reflected. The protection of child sexual right is a subsidiary of the protection of women sexual right, seriously ignoring the special requirement of children’s development. Moreover, boys and the children above 14 years old cannot be protected completely.The last part proposes solutions to improve Chinese criminal law against child sexual exploitation in terms of legal concept and specific articles. Overall, the arrangement of crimes should be altered, the definition of “children” should be enlarged and the age of consent should be subdivided. Specifically, new crimes should be added in the case of sexual abuse and child pornography; the existing articles require amended in the case of child prostitution and child trafficking for sex.