亚洲象(Elephas maximus)作为生物多样性保护的旗舰物种，仅分布在我国云南省，现存221-245头。本文通过采集非损伤性粪便样品，利用微卫星分子标记研究西双版纳国家级自然保护区（包括勐养子保护区、勐腊子保护区、尚勇子保护区等周边地区）亚洲象的遗传多样性与亲缘关系，研究内容如下： 1、共采集到210份粪便样品，PCR成功扩增197份，成功率达到90%以上。运用CERVUS软件在10个微卫星位点上对西双版纳地区亚洲象进行个体识别，共获得126个独立的基因型，其中勐养种群43个基因型，景讷种群12个基因型，勐海种群24个基因型，勐腊种群41个基因型，尚勇种群6个基因型。 2、根据126个独立基因分型数据，利用GENEALEX软件进行遗传多样性分析，结果表明西双版纳地区亚洲象平均具有3.16个等位基因，2.130个有效等位基因，平均期望杂合度和平均观察杂合度分别为0.484和0.461，Shannon信息指数I在0.649~0.936之间，说明该地区亚洲象遗传多样性偏低。5个种群两两之间的基因流为2.129-6.297，遗传距离Fst在0.038-0.105之间，表明种群间缺乏基因交流。 3、本文首先利用COANCESTRY v1.0.1.7进行模拟数据分析，筛选TrioML估计量，然后计算实验所得数据两两个体之间的亲缘系数，共计7587对亲缘系数，其均值为0.1487，方差为0.0352。利用COLONY v2.6.0.5推断全同胞群和半同胞群。共得到64个家系，其中92对全同胞，399对半同胞。根据两个体之间的亲缘系数，构建亲缘距离矩阵并导入SAS v9.4中进行聚类分析，其结果将西双版纳地区的亚洲象分为2个大类，勐养和景讷为一大类，尚勇和勐腊为一大类。

Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) are regarded as flagship species of biodiversity protection, only distributed in Yunnan province. It has only 221-245 individuals. The genetic diversity and relationship of Asian Elephant in Xishuangbanna were studied by 10 SSR makers, which include Mengyang reserve, Mengla reserve, Shangyong reserve and surrounding areas. The results are as follows: 1. We collected 210 fecal samples, in which 197 were successfully amplified (90%) at 10 microsatellite loci. Using CERVUS software, 126 unique individuals were identified, including 43 individuals in Mengyang population, 12 individuals in Jingne population, 24 individuals in Menghai population, 41 individuals in Mengla population, 6 individuals in Shangyong population. 2. According to 126 unique genotyping data, we studied genetic diversity of Asian Elephant by GENEALEX software. The results indicated that a total of 44 alleles were observed, the average number of alleles per locus was 3.16. the average number of effective alleles per locus was 2.13. The observed heterozygosity ‘Ho', and expected heterozygosity ‘He' were 0.484, 0.461, respectively. Shannon information index (I) was between 0.649-0.936 and the genetic diversity was low. The gene flow between two populations was between 2.129-6.297, and the genetic distance (Fst) was between 0.038-0.105, which show that there was a lack of gene exchange between different populations 3. The simulated data were analyzed using COANCESTRY v1.0.1.7, and TrioML estimators were selected, and then a total of 7,587 pairs of relationship coefficients between two individuals were calculated, with an average value of 0.1487 and a variance of 0.0352. COLONY v2.6.0.5 was used to infer 92 full siblings and 399 half siblings, with a total of 64 families. According to relationship distance between two individuals, Asian elephants in Xishuangbanna were divided into two categories.