区域内的有限性和不可替代性，使得水资源逐渐成为限制区域发展的关键因素。在经济社会活动较为频繁且水资源相对匮乏的区域，水资源对区域发展的限制作用尤为明显。本文将水资源在空间上的不均衡阐释为区域水资源的实际存在与区域发展对水资源的需求二者在空间位置上的不完全匹配。水资源空间均衡，是空间均衡思想在水资源系统研究领域内的重要延伸，也是最大程度打破水资源对于区域发展的空间限制以实现区域水资源的可持续开发利用的重要手段。现有的水资源空间均衡概念均来源于学者的不同知识储备与个人经验，比如“承-载”视角下的水资源空间均衡、“人-水”和谐视角下的水资源空间均衡等，而忽略了当前的重要时代背景。整体上来说，目前的水资源空间均衡方面的研究尚处于起步阶段，基本概念、基础理论、测度方法、分析方法、调控策略等研究内容亟待丰富完善。并且，现有的水资源空间均衡研究多集中在省级尺度或单一省份的市级尺度，而由于数据获取、处理、展示都具有一定难度，以全国为研究对象、以城市为尺度的水资源空间均衡研究尚未见报道。以市级尺度开展全国范围的水资源空间均衡研究，相比于以往的省级尺度研究，一方面比整体省级尺度研究能够更加精细地揭示水资源空间均衡客观规律，另一方面比单个省份的市级尺度研究考虑的更加全面，能够在一种更为全局的视角下制定水资源空间均衡的优化调控策略，具有重要的现实意义。

针对以上问题，全面考虑以实现高质量发展为全面建设社会主义现代化国家首要任务的时代背景，本文以全国为研究对象、以城市为尺度开展高质量发展背景下中国城市水资源空间均衡测度及调控策略研究，为全面准确刻画中国城市水资源空间均衡现状及演化过程提供全新思路，为更加精细的面向水资源空间均衡优化调控政策的提出、制定和实施提供重要参考，对促进区域高质量发展具有重要意义。具体以水资源空间均衡为主题，以中国647个城市（设市城市）为研究对象，以2012-2021年共10年为时间跨度，以“基本情况调查-综合评价与时空演化特征分析-影响因素分析-优化调控分析-政策建议形成”为逻辑主线，共涉及36个水资源空间均衡相关指标，清洗后的基础数据共计232920条。

主要研究成果和结论如下：

（1）不同城市水资源开发利用特性分析。基于中国647个城市的生产性用水、公共服务用水、居民家庭用水、其他用水的消耗总量和增长率，分析区域水资源消耗总量的时空特征。通过基尼系数和全局莫兰指数，借助笛卡尔坐标系对中国城市水资源消耗的不同类型进行划分，为制定更加精细的节水政策提供重要参考。对中国城市用水结构进行分析，并基于城市用水结构与区域发展之间的关系进行简要分析。通过城市水资源消耗的经济、人口脱钩分析，对中国城市水资源消耗的合理性进行分析。以上分析内容为掌握不同城市的水资源开发利用特性提供重要支持，为后期水资源空间均衡结果的合理解释和未来面向水资源空间均衡优化调控政策的提出提供重要参考。

（2）水资源空间均衡综合评价与时空演化分析。构建高质量发展视角下的水资源空间均衡理论框架，从水资源开发利用-社会发展-经济发展-生态环境保护多个方面的协调发展程度，对水资源空间均衡进行量化分析。在系统综述现有耦合协调度模型的基础上，提出全新视角下的耦合协调度模型，应用VBA（Visual Basic for Applications）程序设计语言开发基于全新视角下耦合协调度模型的交互程序。并筛选多个指标，通过改进后耦合协调度模型进行定量评价。结果表明，中国647个城市2012年至2021年平均的水资源空间均衡指数的最大值和最小值分别是0.9741和0.4495。从水资源空间均衡指数的平均值来看，水资源空间均衡状态较好的区域主要为江苏省和浙江省的城市、北京、天津、上海和一些省会城市。另外，为区分水资源空间均衡的不同水平，创新性地引入水资源空间均衡质量指数。并通过Mann-Kendall检验方法与标准差椭圆分析方法对时空演化格局进行分析。

（3）水资源空间均衡影响因素识别。水资源空间均衡影响因素的识别，是水资源空间均衡优化调控的重要基础。采用障碍因子分析与地理探测器，分别对水资源空间均衡影响因素进行分析。引入障碍因子分析方法，能够在所有的评价指标中识别出对水资源空间均衡限制最为明显的指标。障碍度越大的指标，表明该指标对于结果的消极影响越大。结果表明，中国647个2012-2021年的城市水资源空间均衡障碍度的年际变化不大，限制中国城市水资源空间均衡的主要因子是水资源综合生产能力、供水总量等指标。地理探测分析方法的引入，一方面能够对水资源空间均衡的驱动因子进行定量识别，同时更能够对不同因子之间对于结果的两两作用关系进行定量分析。驱动因子探测结果表明，全国视角下对中国城市水资源空间均衡驱动最大的前三个因子分别是财政收入、污水处理总量和供水总量。同时，研究了城市水资源空间均衡与城市规模之间的关系，以及城市水资源空间均衡中的“马太效应”。

（4）水资源空间均衡优化调控分析。根据中国647个城市水资源空间均衡评价结果及时空演化特征分析，充分考虑水资源空间均衡的影响因素，抽象出中国城市水资源空间均衡的多目标优化问题。本文选用能够用于连续、离散（整数）和混合整数非线性规划问题的混合整数分布式蚁群优化方法（Mixed Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization, MIDACO）。对水资源空间均衡的多目标优化问题进行分析所得到的31个Pareto最优解进行比选，分析不同Pareto最优解中不同目标函数的值以及不同指标的指标值，为不同城市的未来水资源空间均衡的优化方案制定提供重要参考。由于本文的研究对象数量众多，无法对647个城市逐一进行水资源空间均衡优化调控对策的分析，因此以4个直辖市为例并以帕累托最优解26为调控目标，对面向水资源空间均衡优化调控对策建议的制定进行系统性阐述。

The finiteness and irreplaceability of the region have caused water resources to gradually become the key factor restricting regional development. In regions where economic and social activities are frequent and water resources are relatively scarce, water resources have a particularly obvious limiting effect on regional development. The incomplete match between the actual existence of water resources and regional development's demand for water resources in spatial position is understood in this paper as the imbalance of water resources in space. The spatial balance of water resources is an important extension of the idea of spatial balance in the field of water resource system research, and it is an important means to break the spatial restriction of water resources to regional development to the greatest extent to realize the sustainable development and utilization of regional water resources. The existing concepts of spatial equilibrium of water resources are all proposed based on scholars' different knowledge reserves and personal experience, such as water resource spatial equilibrium from the "carrier-load" perspective and the perspective of "human-water" harmony, but they ignore the important background of the time when the term was proposed. On the whole, the current research on water resource spatial equilibrium is still in its infancy, and the basic concepts, basic theories, measurement methods, analysis methods, regulation strategies and other research contents need to be enriched and improved. In addition, existing studies on water resource spatial equilibrium are mostly concentrated at the provincial scale or the municipal scale of a single province. However, due to certain difficulties in data acquisition, processing and presentation, studies on water resource spatial equilibrium at the national and urban scales have not been reported. Compared with previous provincial-scale studies, carrying out nationwide research on water resource spatial equilibrium at the municipal scale can reveal the objective law of water resource spatial equilibrium in a more detailed way and formulate optimal regulation strategies for water resource spatial equilibrium from a more global perspective, which is of great importance.

In view of the above problems and considering the historical background that achieving high-quality development is the primary task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, this paper takes the whole country as the research object and the city as the scale to carry out research on the spatial equilibrium measurement and regulation strategy of China's urban water resources under the background of high-quality development. It provides a brand-new idea for comprehensively and accurately describing the current situation and evolution process of urban water resource spatial balance in China, provides an important reference for the proposal, formulation and implementation of more detailed regulation policies for water resource spatial balance optimization and is of great significance for promoting high-quality regional development. This paper takes water resource spatial equilibrium as the theme, takes 647 cities (Sheshi Cities) in China as the research object, takes a total of 10 years from 2012 to 2021 as the time span, and takes "basic situation investigation - comprehensive evaluation and analysis of spatial-temporal evolution characteristics - analysis of influencing factors - optimization regulation analysis - formation of policy suggestions" as the logical main line, involving a total of 36 indicators related to the spatial equilibrium of water resources. The fundamental data totaled 232,920 pieces after data cleaning process.

The main research results and conclusions are as follows:

(1) Analysis of the characteristics of water resource development and utilization in different cities. Based on the total consumption and growth rate of production water, public service water, household water and other water in 647 cities in China, the temporal and spatial characteristics of regional water resource consumption were analyzed. Based on the Gini coefficient and global Moran index, the Cartesian coordinate system was used to classify different types of urban water resource consumption in China, and it provides an important reference for formulating more elaborate water-saving policies. This paper analyzes the structure of urban water use in China and briefly analyzes the relationship between the structure of urban water use and regional development. This paper analyzes the rationality of urban water resource consumption in China through decoupling analysis of the economy and population. The above analysis provides important support for mastering the characteristics of water resource development and utilization in different cities and provides an important reference for the reasonable interpretation of the results of water resource spatial equilibrium in the later period and the proposal of regulation policies for the optimization of water resource spatial equilibrium in the future.

(2) Comprehensive evaluation and spatiotemporal evolution analysis of water resource spatial equilibrium. This entails constructing the theoretical framework of water resource spatial equilibrium from the perspective of high-quality development and quantitatively analyzing water resource spatial equilibrium from the coordinated development degree of water resource exploitation and utilization, social development, economic development and ecological environmental protection. Based on a systematic review of the existing coupling coordination degree model, a new coupling coordination degree model is proposed, and an interactive program based on the new coupling coordination degree model is developed by using the VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) programming language. Multiple indices were screened, and the improved coupling coordination degree model was used to quantitatively evaluate the spatial balance of water resources in 647 cities in China during 2012-2021. The results show that the maximum and minimum values of the average water resource spatial equilibrium index of 647 cities in China from 2012 to 2021 are 0.9741 and 0.4495, respectively. According to the average value of the water resources spatial equilibrium index, the cities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and the cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and some provincial capitals have better spatial equilibrium status. In addition, to distinguish the different forms of water resource spatial equilibrium, the quality index of water resource spatial equilibrium is innovatively introduced. The Mann-Kendall test and the standard deviation ellipse analysis method were used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of water resource spatial equilibrium.

(3) Identification of influencing factors of water resource spatial equilibrium. The identification of influencing factors of water resource spatial equilibrium is an important basis for the optimization and control of water resource spatial equilibrium. Obstacle factor analysis and geographic probes were used to analyze the influencing factors of water resource spatial equilibrium. The obstacle factor analysis method can identify the most obvious limit to water resource spatial equilibrium among all evaluation indices. The greater the obstacle degree is, the greater the negative impact of the index is on the result. The results show that the obstacle degree of the spatial balance of urban water resources in 647 cities from 2012 to 2021 has little interannual change. The main factors limiting the spatial balance of urban water resources in China are the comprehensive production capacity of water resources, total water supply and other indicators. The introduction of the geographic exploration analysis method can not only quantitatively identify the driving factors of water resource spatial equilibrium but also quantitatively analyze the pairwise effects of different factors on the results. The driving factor detection results show that the top three factors driving the spatial balance of urban water resources in China from the national perspective are fiscal revenue, total sewage treatment and total water supply. At the same time, the relationship between urban water resource spatial balance and urban scale, as well as the Matthew effect in urban water resource spatial balance, is studied.

(4) Analysis of spatial equilibrium optimization and regulation of water resources. Based on the evaluation results and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of water resource spatial equilibrium in 647 cities in China, this paper abstracts the multi-objective optimization problem of water resource spatial equilibrium in 647 cities in China by fully considering the influencing factors of water resource spatial equilibrium. In this paper, Mixed Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization (MIDACO), which can be used for continuous, discrete (integer) and mixed integer nonlinear programming problems, is selected. The optimal control scheme of water resource spatial equilibrium is analyzed. The 31 Pareto optimal solutions obtained from the analysis of the multi-objective optimization problem of water resource spatial equilibrium are compared and selected, and the values of different objective functions and indices in different Pareto optimal solutions are analyzed, which provides an important reference for the formulation of future optimization schemes of water resource spatial equilibrium in different cities. Due to the large number of research objects in this paper, it is impossible to analyze the countermeasures for the optimal regulation and control of water resources spatial balance one by one in 647 cities. Therefore, taking four municipalities as examples and Pareto optimal solution 26 as the regulation goal, this paper systematically expounds the formulation of countermeasures and suggestions for the optimal regulation and control of water resource spatial equilibrium.