在苏联历史上，赫鲁晓夫执政时期（1953-1964）是一个重要的转折期。在他执政的11年中，苏联的内政、外交、经济、文化等各个领域较斯大林时期都发生了明显的变化。在冷战初期东西方阵营全面“对抗”的形势下，赫鲁晓夫和苏联政府主动释放出了“缓和”信号。他们以文化交流为手段展示苏联国家和苏维埃制度的优越性，以此来争取世界人民的好感。在人文交流领域，苏联努力塑造热爱和平、开放文明的国家形象；在教育交流领域，苏联先后于50年代中期、60年代初期分别在社会主义阵营内部和民族解放地区推进了两次国际教育潮流的兴起；在科技交流领域，苏联大大拓宽了学者出访和来访的渠道，让大批科研人员获得了学术交流的机会，既提升了苏联的科技影响力，又为国家获得了宝贵的科技信息和资源。

本文立足于俄罗斯（苏联）、欧美和中国学者的研究成果，综合运用历史文献调研法、新冷战史和文化外交理论，探讨了赫鲁晓夫时期的对外文化交流问题。本文按照对外文化政策是国内文化政策的延伸，而国内文化政策是推行对外文化政策的基础这一逻辑思路，首先论述了赫鲁晓夫时期的国内文化政策，并且认为国内文化政策是其对外文化政策的基础和依靠。其次从总体上分析了这一时期对外文化交流的管理体制，接下来依次从人文、教育和科技三个方面剖析了赫鲁晓夫时期对外文化交流的政策与实践。

In the history of the Soviet Union, the Khrushchev’s period (1953-1964) is an important turning point. During the 11 years under Khrushchev’s reign, comparing with the Stalin's period, the fields of the internal and foreign affairs, economy, culture and so on have undergone significant changes. At the beginning of the Cold War, Khrushchev and the Soviet government took the initiative to send a signal of "Detente" in the context of the overall East-West "Confrontation". They used cultural exchanges as a means to demonstrate the superiority of the Soviet State and the Soviet system in order to win the goodwill of the world's people. In the field of humanistic exchanges, the Soviet Union made painstaking efforts to build up itself as a country that is peace-loving, open and civilized. In the field of educational exchanges, the Soviet Union set off two surges of the international education in the socialist camp and the areas of national liberation in the mid-1950s and the early 1960s. In the field of scientific and technological exchanges, the Soviet Union greatly expanded the visiting channels for scholars, and provided a large number of researchers with opportunities for academic exchanges, which not only enhanced the Soviet Union's scientific and technological influence, but also obtained valuable scientific and technological information and resources. However, most of the previous studies have attached importance to the foreign cultural strategy of the United States, and seldom discussed the other pole of the Cold War -- the Soviet Union.

Based on the research results of scholars from Russia (Soviet Union), America, Europe and China, this paper probes into the foreign cultural exchanges during Khrushchev's period by comprehensively using the methods of historical literature research, the theories of the New Cold War History and the Cultural Diplomacy. In accordance with the logical thinking that the foreign cultural policies are the extension of the domestic cultural policies, and the domestic cultural policies are the basis to implement foreign cultural policies, this paper firstly discusses the domestic cultural policies, secondly overall analyses the management system of foreign cultural exchanges, and then from the humanistic, educational and scientific aspects in-depth explores the Khrushchev’s period foreign cultural exchange policies and practices.

In the 1950’s, after the death of Stalin, Khrushchev and the Soviet government initiated the “Cultural Offensive” towards the West, which together with the norm of the Cold War in the political confrontation, economic blockade and arms race, triggered more and more influential Cultural Cold War. The East-West blocs also gradually developed from the economic and military "Hard Power" confrontation into the cultural "Soft Power" confrontation of the same period, which prevented the Cold War from developing in a further dangerous direction and made great contributions to the development of cultural diplomacy of the Soviet Union and the maintenance of world peace. However, during this period, foreign cultural exchanges also have had some structural problems. For example, they have violated basic principles that the Cultural Diplomacy needs economic strengths and intellectual effectively support.  Such problems in the Khrushchev’s period contained and hindered the effective implementation of cultural exchanges with other countries, which, even to a certain extent planted the seeds of tragedy for the mid - 1980 - s after the Soviet Union.